International Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Law - Assignment Example In this regard, obligations erga omnes should be accepted as international law due to the fact that they are based on natural law which must be observed and respected by all states, regardless of jurisdiction5. In this regard, Francisco (33) this kind of law takes precedence over treaty law where international law is concerned due to its nature and the need to protect the basic human rights. It also helps states to be accountable with regard to their actions and this in turn promotes peace6. .7 This is an indication of just how important it is for states to look at these universal obligations as international law8. Treating these obligations as international laws is important for states as it not only also protects them from abuse by other states, but sets clear precedent as to how they should treat other countries and their citizens in cases where there are no clear lines of actions9. A good example of where this is applicable is the issue of torture which is now interminably regard ed as illegal in the face of international law10. As Christian (95) says, it is necessary for all states to understand their legal obligations towards each other in order to have a harmonious existence as the international community. ... This is also echoed by Christian13 who also argues that all states must be able to follow the protocols of international law even in cases where there are no clear guidelines. According to him, where there are no clear guidelines, states must look at the fundamental human rights and use them as the beacon14. International treaties and statues such as the Rome statues are based on this kind of legal precedence that is grounded on the application of universal natural human rights15. Basic human rights are fundamentally international law as every human being is entitled to these rights regardless of where they are16. The Rome statues for instance looks at the rights of soldiers who are captured at war and the captor country is, under the Rome Statue, not allowed to torture the captives as this is an aggravation of basic human rights17. As Francisco (205) says, international humanitarian law is based on the fact that a violation of this law towards even one individual is a violation of t he same towards all mankind. This is predicated by the same declaration with regard to slavery and marine piracy which, when committed is seen under international as a violation not only to the circumstantial victims but also to the rest of mankind18. The violation of the basic human rights such as the deprivation of dignity, the denial of due process etc, to one individual is seen as an undermining of human life all over the world19. Bibliography Andre, Hoogh. Obligations Erga Omnes and International Crimes: A Theoretical Inquiry Into the Implementation and Enforcement of the International Responsibility of States. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,

Strategy -Asos Case 6 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategy -Asos 6 - Case Study Example Apart from its wide range of products, the company attracts over 3.3 million shoppers each month. Given such obscene numbers, it is imperative that the online store implement a very effective operation to meet its commitments to its customers such as providing customer service, and fulfilling orders from the customers. The company has done well in a very competitive business. E-commerce is a very dynamic industry; more so for the fashion business. Given the rise in demand for goods online each year, the company managed to structure its management and proprietorship in such a manner that the right decisions were made at the right time; for the good of the business. When the company started, its staff was considerably small, but it has grown, and so has its warehouse size. Adequate space is required for storage. The company has managed to position itself well to capture market share that it did not command before through a number of creative ways. The primary tool of achieving success is a motivated staff; and proper internet marketing tools. Communication has also been at the center of action; as proper modes and channels of communication have become necessary given the increase in size of the company. Planning, resources, communication, and keeping in touch with the needs of the customers are the tools that have spurred asos.com to

Marketing plan of a wedding reception venue business

Marketing plan of a wedding reception venue business Joanne is Looking to start up a wedding reception venue, she would like to open up a small business, as a sole trader. A business plan is one of the most important aspects when starting up a business, The business plan will make sure that Joannes wedding reception will be run successfully, organised and to the best of its ability. It will help the business significantly with time management, as it will help both the business and staff manage their time and stay organised in order to keep the business running efficiently. The plan will explain all the strategies and objectives of the business, this give Joanne a huge understanding on what she will be expecting and how she will go about in order to help the business successfully achieve its goals. The Business plan will give Joanne an in depth understanding on what is going on and what will happen within her business, some of the things it will provide include a description of the services that will be provided, the personal requirements and skills needed for the staff, a clear outline on the description and ownership of the business, and much more. A business that fails to plan, Plans to Fail. SWOT analysis is a strategic method used to evaluate and state the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in the business, within both the internal and external. Every business needs a SWOT analysis in order for it to be prepared for the present and the future. Joannes wedding reception has many Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats which are listed in the report. Each business aims to achieve specific objectives and strategies, an objective is a measurable statement of what has to be achieved, where a strategy is a way in which the business aims to achieve its objective. Joannes wedding reception is a business which aims to accomplish both its objectives and strategies to the best of its ability. Joannes wedding reception aims to achieve its ultimate goal of success through its five main objectives and strategies. These objectives and strategies are also listed in the report. Business Description and Ownership Joannes wedding reception is a business that will cater to all needs of couples who are looking to get married and would like to celebrate with loved ones afterwards. Jay Harbour is the name chosen for the business, it is a brand new function centre located at 150 Day Street, Darling Harbour; it is very spacious and has a spectacular water view and view of the entire harbour, it will deliver delicious food, great service and unforgettable entertainment and music. The legal structure of this business is registered as a sole trader; Joanne will be running an unincorporated business which has unlimited liability. She will take full responsibility for all debts incurred by the business, and will be personally liable for the financial obligations of the business. There will be fewer than 20 employees hired, as it is only a small business. The target market of this business is obviously people of all ages who are looking to celebrate their marriage. The prime function of the business is to make sure that all special occasion are just the way couples want it-elegant, memorable, and effortless, also that the business is a very successful business and advertised as best as possible, not only in the media, but also in words of mouth. The business hopes to achieve all its goals profitably and successfully in order to satisfy all guarantees and pledges to stakeholders. Purpose Of plan A business plan is as important for starting a business as a key is to a car. A business plan will provide the firm with a clear direction for the future, and will organise the business. It sets out goals for the business that want to be achieved in both the long term and in the short term. It will help the business organise its three main aspects, these are, marketing, production and management finance. The business plan will make sure that Joannes wedding reception will be run successfully, organised and to the best of its ability. It will help the business significantly with time management, as it will help both the business and staff manage their time and stay organised in order to keep the business running efficiently. The plan will explain all the strategies and objectives of the business, this give Joanne a huge understanding on what she will be expecting and how she will go about in order to help the business successfully achieve its goals. The Business plan will give Joanne an in depth understanding on what is going on and what will happen within her business, some of the things it will provide include a description of the services that will be provided, the personal requirements and skills needed for the staff, a clear outline on the description and ownership of the business, and much more. The business plan is very important and of great significance of any business, whether it is for future expansion of a business or the development of a new business, a business plan must be written. A business that fails to plan, plans to fail. Situational Analysis SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is a strategic method used to evaluate and state the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in the business, within both the internal and external. Every business needs a SWOT analysis in order for it to be prepared for the present and the future, the SWOT analysis for Jay Harbour is listed below. Strengths Preferred location of the majority of the public New and Spacious Caters to all needs of couples Catchy name Overlooks Harbour Delicious food Great Service Good music and entertainment Spectacular Water view Target market for all ages Unique Selling points Weakness Small Business New Business Joanne hasnt opened up a business before Not familiar with the industry Unlimited Liability Sole trader business meaning Joanne is personally responsible for all financial obligations Limited Funds Limited Reputation Opportunities Increasing number of couples moving to the area Geographical Location Well established position Huge amount of couples looking to get married In the city of Sydney Social Interests Threats Other more experienced businesses in the area Large amount of competitors Stronger promotions by competitors Competitors have advertised their business and have been running for a longer period of time Market Demand Economic Conditions Business Objectives and Strategies Each business aims to achieve specific objectives and strategies, an objective is a measurable statement of what has to be achieved, where a strategy is a way in which the business aims to achieve its objective. Joannes wedding reception is a business which aims to accomplish both its objectives and strategies to the best of its ability. Joannes wedding reception aims to achieve its ultimate goal of success through its five main objectives and strategies. Good Reputation is the first main objective of Joannes business, Joanne aims to start up her business with a good reputation, and maintain and improve the reputation as the business grows. Joanne is aware that she is not able to manage her own reputation; however it is possible for her to strengthen it. Strategies that Joanne will take up in order to have good reputation include: Engaging and starting up appealing advertising campaigns Joanne will pay a few loyal people who she is on friendly terms with to write blog posts and advertise her wedding reception on facebook and myspace Joanne will pay to have her wedding reception advertised on radio stations Joanne will create a facebook page in the name of her business, and keep it updated with articles, pictures, and different ways to appeal to customers The second main objective is expansion, Joanne aims for her business to expand and hopefully one day turn into a larger business, she aims to create more function rooms in order to cater for other occasions, and also remarkable rooms in which photographs can take place. Joanne can only do this and expand her business if she is financially stable enough within the future years. Strategies that Joanne will carry out in order to expand her business in the future include: Not spending money on things that arent needed, money will be spent on what customers need not what Joanne needs, money will not be spent on things that make Joannes business look good such as a company car, or a fancy office, instead the money will be used on more important things Joanne will make sure that all customers are treated with care, and are satisfied, the happier the customers are, the bigger the business will become, as they will help promote by good words-of-mouth A good working environment is another objective, Joannes aim is not only to satisfy her customers, but also her employees. She needs to do this in order to keep them motivated and stay doing their jobs to the best of their ability Strategies that will be carried out include: Having a safe working environment Giving Suitable and fair wages and payments to employees Giving employees benefits Giving employees hours which are suitable to both Joanne as the Employer, and them Catering to a wide variety of cultures is another one of Joannes main objective. Joanne aims to cater to many different cultures in order to have a variety of different people using her wedding reception. The business will be a bigger success if it is for many cultures rather than just one or two. Strategies that will be carried out include: Hiring chefs that are able to cook spectacular multicultural food Being able to design the reception according to cultures of people Being able to design a whole wedding that includes the theme of the desired culture Being able to give customers long lasting memories is the last of the businesses objectives. Joanne aims to give customers a night they will never forget. The strategies that will be carried out include: Creating a dynamic atmosphere Offer great food Unforgettable entertainment Planning the wedding for the customers from beginning to end Leaving the customer stress free Operations Description of the product or service Joannes wedding reception is a wedding venue which aims to cater to all needs of couples who are looking to celebrate their marriage. Jay Harbour is the name given to the business; it is a brand new function centre which is located at 150 day street, Darling Harbour. Joanne is looking to cater for any type of wedding, from the traditional wedding, to the modern wedding, she is willing to accommodate for small and intimate weddings with around 50 guests, to larger celebrations including up to 300 guests. Professional and friendly staff will be hired in order to ensure that every customer receives a day that they will remember. Joanne aims to take hold of all the stress which may be felt by the customers, she will leave them all free to relax and enjoy their special day at her venue, she will have a plan of approach which will help not only the customers, but also her, to organise a wedding that will remain in the hearts of the couples and their guests forever. Joanne will offer a great service, superb food, personalised service, divine wines and alcohol, and unforgettable entertainment in order to make the weddings a magical and flawless occasion. Joannes will provide easy access both in and out of the reception including both weal chair access and elevators. The venue will overlook darling harbour, and will also include a spectacular water view. A Valet entrance and a remarkable walk for the entrance of the bride and groom will be included in order to make the wedding feel more special and exceptional. Table setting wills be offered in numerous types, themes of the wedding are also able to be chosen according what the customers want, floral arrangements will all be made, and food and decorations will be offered in a variety of choices, and in many different cultures. Joannes Business will be run as a multicultural business, anyone no matter what culture they are a part of, will be able to experience the wedding of their dreams. A bar will be provided at the reception, a wide range of alcohol including many wines and champagnes will be provided. Couples have a choice between having their guest pay for the alcohol at the bar, or having an open bar, meaning the couple must pay a certain amount of money for the unlimited drinks that will be given to guests on the night. Personnel Requirements and Skills Joannes business is a small business, meaning under 20 employees will be hired, they will all go through the steps of the human resource cycle, including acquisition, development and maintenance. This is so that the people with the top skills will be hired, and so that they can continue developing their skills and knowledge, also so that the employees stay motivated and productive within the business. Waiters/Waitresses Twelve Needed Qualifications Must be neat and tidy polite, well-mannered and able to communicate well with people A good service attitude Able to work in a team A good memory in order to remember which customer ordered which dish Must have good physical health as the waiter spends most working hours on their feet Fast with serving customers Able to clean Qualification 16 years of age and over Experience Experience with customer service needed Bartenders Three Needed Qualifications knowledge of beer, wine and other alcoholic drinks drink preparation and drink service skills familiarity and awareness of liquor licensing rules and regulations good communication skills friendly and polite mature and honest adaptable and able to work well under pressure confident and considerate when dealing with customers able to use their initiative able to follow instructions. Qualification Alcohol Beverage Licence Experience Experience of 1-2 years within the alcohol industry required Chefs Four Needed Qualifications Leadership skill. Time management. Food preparation and presentation skills Financial management Able to manage finances within the kitchen Able to cook a variety of multicultural foods Works well with others Adaptable and able to work well under pressure Good communication skills Qualification Certificate or college degree from a qualified cooking school. Experience 3-4 Years of experience within the chef industry required Marketing Market Analysis Customers The target market of this business is obviously people of all ages who are looking to celebrate their marriage. Joanne is looking to cater for any type of wedding, from the traditional wedding, to the modern wedding, she is willing to accommodate for small and intimate weddings with around 50 guests, to larger celebrations including up to 300 guests. Professional and friendly staff will be hired in order to ensure that every customer receives a day that they will remember. Joannes business is willing to cater to any customers wants and needs. The Choice of the venues was made between the areas listed in the table, in order to come to a final decision of where the business will get the most customers; population statistics of the areas was gathered. It was obvious that a larger population lives in darling harbour, also, the median age there is the youngest of all the median ages in the other areas, this another advantage as it is the younger people who usually want to get married. Market size and trends Joanne aims for her business to expand and hopefully one day turn into a larger business, she aims to create more function rooms in order to cater for other occasions, and also remarkable rooms in which photographs can take place. Joanne can only do this and expand her business if she is financially stable enough within the future years. Joanne will not spend money on things that arent needed, money will be spent on what customers need not what Joanne needs, money will not be spent on things that make Joannes business look good such as a company car, or a fancy office, instead the money will be used on more important things. Joanne will make sure that all customers are treated with care, and are satisfied, the happier the customers are, the bigger the business will become, as they will help promote by good words-of-mouth Competition There are many surrounding competitors within the market which have been running for a longer time, and some which are just beginning to start up, they offer many services, however none like Jay harbour. Joanne has come up with many strategies in which to compete with its many other competitors. Joanne offers multicultural services, from foods, to themes, music and much more, majority of the other venues offer a minimum amount of cultures. Jay Harbour, also has a view like no other, the amazing water view and view of the harbour will attract many customers. Joannes prices are also very affordable, and suitable for the amount of services one will receive if they decide to have their wedding at Jay Harbour. Easy access in and out of the venue is also an advantage, as many other competitor venues do not have these elevators and escalators. Marketing Strategies The marketing strategies include product, price, promotion and place. Price is one of the most important things when you have other competitors, by having cheaper prices customers will come to your reception rather then the competitors receptions, Low and affordable prices will be offered at Jay Harbour, packages will also be offered allowing customers to pay for many things at a smaller price. However, prices will increase and decrease according to the prices of competitors. Product refers to the service of the business and what the business has to offer, Jay harbour offers many services including entertainment, good music, open bar, great view, valet parking, and much more. Place refers to where the business is located, the area that jay Harbour is located in is Darling Harbour. With an amazing view of darling harbour and the water, and an alluring atmosphere and amazing breeze, it is very hard for Jay Harbour to NOT become the number one wedding reception in the area. Promotion refers to ways in which the business will promote itself, jay Harbour will maintain consumer awareness and interest towards Eternal Happiness. The business must keep advertising through media, suppliers, provide special offers and many more in order for it to stay competitive within the market. Finance Financial Forecasts Revenue Statement $ $ Sales revenue $460 000 COGS Opening stock 50 000 Purchases/income 250 000 300 000 Closing stock 80 000 $220 000 Gross profit $240 000 Expenses Advertising 5 000 Salaries and wages 150 000 Insurance 3000 Bank charges 400 Interest paid to banks 10 000 $168 400 net profit $71 600 This indicates that profit was made for jay Harbour, $240 000 was made, where as only $168 400 was lost, meaning a profit of $71 600 was made. Balance Sheet For Jay Harbour $ $ Current Assets Cash at Bank Accounts Receivable Stock $12 000 $14 000 $30 000 $56 000 Non-Current Assets Property Equipment 150 000 21 000 $171 000 Total Assets $227 000 Current Liabilities Bank Overdraft Accounts payable $22 000 $20 000 $42 000 Non-Current Liabilities Loan $92 000 $92 000 Total Liabilities $134 000 Owners Equity Capital Profit Retained $51 000 $42 000 $93 000 Total Liability and owners equity $227 000 The current ratio of this balance sheet is calculated by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities, this is equal to 1.3, meaning the ratio is 1:3:1 Critically review the plan and process I think that I did a great job in completing the assignment, I followed my plan of approach according to all the days up to the 26/7/10 and I had no problem to hand everything in that was due by that day. I was able to do all my research and gather all my statistics and information, and put them together before handing in my assignment, I did not stress, as everything was done according to plan until the due date. I think that the assignment being set out this way was to my advantage, as it helped me not leave everything to the last minute and procrastinate. One thing that I do regret doing is leaving my report to the last minute, I think that next time I should start my report as soon as the second part of the assignment was due, as it will make me stress much less, and I would be able to do the report to the best of my ability. I did try my hardest though, and I do believe that I deserve the best possible mark I can get. Overall I believed I achieved what I planned to and was glad that I was able to hand everything in on time, despite the fact of starting my report late, I think that doing everything else prior to the report such as objectives an strategies, SWOT analysis, and much more, was a great advantage to me as all I had to do was put them together within the report. I believe that my teacher done a great job of explaining my assignment as I was able to do it all with no problems, and I was able to fly through it as it was explained properly and in depth.

The Importance of Focus in the Business World Essay -- Business Admini

Let’s say in today’s competitive surroundings, marketers are attracting more global dynamic, and consumer determined. Consumers are requesting more choice, with enhanced worth and service According to Treasy and Wiesema (1995) page 68, companies will do well to consider four market disciples. There are four fundamental service theory based upon levels of focus (market focused, service focused, market and service focused and lastly unfocused. This is where focussed service operation comes in. in this essay going to define and talk about focused service operations , and point up how the aim can be practical to get enhanced understanding and also on how to improve performance in service operations. I will also talk about customer Retention and Intermediaries. When we say focus what does it exactly means in the business world? Focus can be explained as providing a fastidious part to consumers with a constricted choice of service to meet their needs. We come in contact with what we say service operations every day. We all are consumers or users of a broad choice of business and public services. Indeed numerous of us are liable for delivery services not only because of our jobs, in establishment such as firms, shops etc, other than also as routine of a daily like for people. Focused service operations are apprehensive through delivering services to the consumers or users of the service. It involves understanding the needs of your consumers; controlling the processes to delivering the services, and ensures your objectives are met adequately. Service then can be defined when the mixture of outcomes as well as experiences delivered to and receive by consumer. Customer thus judges the value of the service on understanding of th... ...de Coca-Cola a leader in the soft drink market. REFERENCES Derek R. Allen , T. R. N. Rao (1959) Analysis of Customer Satisfaction Data Phillip Kotler, Gary Armstong , Veronica Wong, John Saunders. Principles of Marketing ( 5th edition). Principles of Marketing (PAGE 385) Philip Kotler (EDITED Jan 2008) Principles of Marketing (PAGE 385) Steve Brown, Kate Blackmon, Paul Cousins, Harry Maylor. (2001) . Operation Management: Policy, Practise and Performance Improvement. Stuart. Ed, Crainer, Des. Dearlove Handbook of Management (3rd Edition 1995). Financial Times Series (PAGE 354) Timothy Keiningham and Terry Vavra (Edited 1 Sep 2001). The Customer Delight Principles: Exceeding Customer’s Expectations for Bottom- line Success (PAGE 78) Zemke, Ron Woods, John A. (Edition 1999). Best Practices in Customer Service (PAGE 38) The Importance of Focus in the Business World Essay -- Business Admini Let’s say in today’s competitive surroundings, marketers are attracting more global dynamic, and consumer determined. Consumers are requesting more choice, with enhanced worth and service According to Treasy and Wiesema (1995) page 68, companies will do well to consider four market disciples. There are four fundamental service theory based upon levels of focus (market focused, service focused, market and service focused and lastly unfocused. This is where focussed service operation comes in. in this essay going to define and talk about focused service operations , and point up how the aim can be practical to get enhanced understanding and also on how to improve performance in service operations. I will also talk about customer Retention and Intermediaries. When we say focus what does it exactly means in the business world? Focus can be explained as providing a fastidious part to consumers with a constricted choice of service to meet their needs. We come in contact with what we say service operations every day. We all are consumers or users of a broad choice of business and public services. Indeed numerous of us are liable for delivery services not only because of our jobs, in establishment such as firms, shops etc, other than also as routine of a daily like for people. Focused service operations are apprehensive through delivering services to the consumers or users of the service. It involves understanding the needs of your consumers; controlling the processes to delivering the services, and ensures your objectives are met adequately. Service then can be defined when the mixture of outcomes as well as experiences delivered to and receive by consumer. Customer thus judges the value of the service on understanding of th... ...de Coca-Cola a leader in the soft drink market. REFERENCES Derek R. Allen , T. R. N. Rao (1959) Analysis of Customer Satisfaction Data Phillip Kotler, Gary Armstong , Veronica Wong, John Saunders. Principles of Marketing ( 5th edition). Principles of Marketing (PAGE 385) Philip Kotler (EDITED Jan 2008) Principles of Marketing (PAGE 385) Steve Brown, Kate Blackmon, Paul Cousins, Harry Maylor. (2001) . Operation Management: Policy, Practise and Performance Improvement. Stuart. Ed, Crainer, Des. Dearlove Handbook of Management (3rd Edition 1995). Financial Times Series (PAGE 354) Timothy Keiningham and Terry Vavra (Edited 1 Sep 2001). The Customer Delight Principles: Exceeding Customer’s Expectations for Bottom- line Success (PAGE 78) Zemke, Ron Woods, John A. (Edition 1999). Best Practices in Customer Service (PAGE 38)

Children should stay in school

With the increasingly fierce competition in modern society, people need to make all the efforts to learn new things, acquire new skills and continuously adapt to the fast- developing world since childhood. Most people believe that children should be taught not only the lessons in the classroom but also sports, music and other skills at school, like how to work with other students and how to organize their studies by themselves, etc. However, some other people claim that children should not be living under too much pressure. The question is : Should they or not?Children should stay in school from 8 a. M. Until 6 p. M. , which sounds quite a long time, but having lessons in the classroom is only one part of their school lives. Children also would be allowed to do sports, music and other activities at school in another half-day. For one thing, children who take physical education (PEE) and music lessons during the school day would do better academically, since they help reduce boredom a nd help kids stay focused. And we all know that keeping strong and healthy Is the foundation of learning.For another thing, communication Is very Important In odder society. Children can practice how to play with other students at school, especially when they are asked to do some team-work In some sports and music classes. When I was a little girl, I Joined a Instrumental class, we really needed to learn how to cooperate with each other, otherwise we would repeat again and again until we finally knew the Importance of communication. Bothersome, children could try to learn how to organize their studies, Including the lessons In the classroom, sports and music.People all need to know how to manage their studies. Normally we first make a plan, manage It then try to flash It. Children could learn this at school so they would have very good habits when they grow up. It would be precious treasures In their whole lives. However, a coin has two sides. Some other people think that children s hould not be living under much pressure, they should have enough time to play and have fun. And children should not be forced to learn some sports and music If they are not Interested. They really hope children could have very happy and relaxed childhoods. Would have learnt skills Anyway, In my opinion, people should have learnt skills since childhood because of the rapid-developing society with high competition. Good habits and knowledge are really Important In our lives, especially when we are looking for good unlettered and excellent Jobs when we grow up. However, I believe that children should have opportunities to choose some actively by themselves when they already have should not give them too much pressure?Just fewer exams and more guidance with patience, so children can play for studies and study to play.

Analysis of Nutrition News

â€Å"Boosting Key Milk Nutrients May Help Lower Type 2 Diabetes Risk† – ScienceDailyThe report (ScienceDaily screen 1) mainly focused on the important contributions of vitamin D, calcium and magnesium in risk prevention for diabetes; most especially the type 2 diabetes. (qtd in ScienceDaily, screen 1)The language used is fairly comprehensive with the use of familiar words and with only a few technical terms. The author’s understanding of the previously reported findings is sufficient to allow him or to allow her to thoroughly explain the findings of the studies presented. In both studies conducted by Pittas et al. and Larsson et al., meta-analyses approaches were conducted to obtain the results. (qtd in ScienceDaily, screen 1)Studies performed were mainly based on American diet, therefore similar studies may be conducted to evaluate whether these findings apply for other racial and ethnic populations. These information would really be useful for individuals who have diabetes or are at risk of developing diabetes; as well as the general population for the promotion of health and prevention of disease.However, to a reader without extensive nutritional background, results of this study may be misleading. The report may mislead by giving the reader the notion that drinking milk alone will be prevention enough against diabetes. Other preventive measures for diabetes should have been included in the report to avoid misinterpretation.Reference:ScienceDaily. â€Å"Boosting Key Milk Nutrients May Help Lower Type 2 Diabetes Risk†. (13 July 2007). 16 July 2007 .

Mr Adrian Nevuukke Essay example

Mr Adrian Nevuukke Essay example Mr Adrian Nevuukke Essay example Using examples explain why methods of coastal management vary from place to place. Coastal management is when you protect the coastline from flooding or erosion, to try and protect the coastline there are various techniques used to protect the coastline, for example: soft engineering and hard engineering. * Soft engineering- Soft engineering uses natural systems for coastal defence such as beaches and dunes which can absorb and adjust to wave and tide energy. * Hard engineering- hard engineering is protecting the coastline using man made structure, for example: groynes, sea wall and rip rap. Coastal management varies in different places because of various different reasons such as: geology, population, economic cost and SSSI etc. There are many reasons why the government and organisation choose to protect coastlines and there are also many reasons why they do not, in order to make the vital decision to save or to leave places they will use a cost benefit analysis which uses 3 factors to decide whether a place should be protected or not, social, economic and environmental factors is what is used to decide this. The government will also be offered with 4 options which will allow them to choose what happens in the coastline. The 4 options that they can use are: * Hold the line- this means keeping the coastline at its present position by maintenance and building coastal defences, such as: groynes, sea walls and drainage systems. Groynes are most likely to be in more economically, socially or environmentally beneficial * Advance the line- Define a line in the seaward directio n and build up to it by reclamation, for example: beach nourishment. This will also be used in environmentally, socially or economically beneficial places. * Manage retreat- Let natural processes slowly move the coastline back to a line which can be more readily stabilised. This technique will be used in less sustainable areas. * Do nothing- Let nature take its course so that, for example, coast erosion would not be fought, this will also be used in less sustainable areas. During the decision of choosing to protect a coastline or not the government will have to take all these factors on board. Coastal management varies from place to place for many reasons Firstly, one reason that coastal management can vary from place to place is because of the geology/ rock type of an area this can determine whether a place should be given coastal management or not. softer rock will erode more quickly than harder rock, this means the softer rock will need more coastal management because the rock is more vulnerable to erosion, softer rock is more vulnerable to erosion because softer rock because waves can easily eat way at the rock causing top cut notching, caves, arches and stumps. All of these coastal processes mean that the coast will erode more quickly, while on the other hand harder rock will not erode as quickly meaning it does not need as much coastal management, for example: the happisburgh coastline is eroding extremely fast one main reason for this is the clay cliffs which are very vulnerable to erosion and have very high erosion rates, on the other hand the white cliffs of dover/ Kent are not suffering from as much erosion as happisburgh / Norfolk on main reason for this Is the chalk cliffs this type of rock is much harder than clay cliffs meaning it does not erode as quickly, meaning the erosion rates are lower. Secondly, coastal management can also vary from place to place due to the population of an area, the population of an area can affect coastal management because highly populated areas will be at a higher priority than places with lower populations, this is because places with high populations have more life’s at risks and more to lose, for example: sea palling/ Norfolk has a population of 1372 from the 2011 census, this place is suffering from erosion and has lost approximately 150m in the last 50-100 years and even

Free Essays on Death Of A Salesman Female Roles

Women in today’s society have a variety of roles to perform throughout their lives. To become a complete woman, one must embrace each role as a vital piece of her own individuality. As the expectations of society changed with feminist movement, women recognized these new aged standards. Which in turn combined the roles of women into one conflicted model, each of our main roles contradict one an other, but the fundamental intent of each role has not been altered throughout generations. â€Å"Arthur Miller† has revealed the diversity of women’s roles in â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by individualizing each female role in this playwright. The sympathetic, and tenderhearted behavior of Linda Lawman has placed her in the task of a thoughtful mother figure. Sexual female roles are also dramatized throughout this play, for instance â€Å"The Woman†, who is Willy’s mistress. As well Miss Forsythe and Letta are illustrated as ladies of the evening. Jenny is a secretary, who does not receive respect she is entitled to as a workingwoman. Every one of these roles is essential to women as a whole; being devoid of any of these characteristics would create a perfect woman within expectations of today’s society. Throughout history the fondness of a woman’s attention has been a spirited pursuit for men, women’s sexually has always been used to caress males confidence. The Lowman men use women to boost their egos right through the play. Happy and Biff both believe that intercourse is directly associated to ones own self-confidence, as well that using woman for sex is completely appropriate way to treat women, â€Å"I’ve got to see that old confidence again. Do you want her? She’s on call.† Willy is no more exceptional at the art of courting a woman then his sons are. The most important incentive for the affair is Willy’s personal self-worth; â€Å"The Wom... Free Essays on Death Of A Salesman Female Roles Free Essays on Death Of A Salesman Female Roles Women in today’s society have a variety of roles to perform throughout their lives. To become a complete woman, one must embrace each role as a vital piece of her own individuality. As the expectations of society changed with feminist movement, women recognized these new aged standards. Which in turn combined the roles of women into one conflicted model, each of our main roles contradict one an other, but the fundamental intent of each role has not been altered throughout generations. â€Å"Arthur Miller† has revealed the diversity of women’s roles in â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by individualizing each female role in this playwright. The sympathetic, and tenderhearted behavior of Linda Lawman has placed her in the task of a thoughtful mother figure. Sexual female roles are also dramatized throughout this play, for instance â€Å"The Woman†, who is Willy’s mistress. As well Miss Forsythe and Letta are illustrated as ladies of the evening. Jenny is a secretary, who does not receive respect she is entitled to as a workingwoman. Every one of these roles is essential to women as a whole; being devoid of any of these characteristics would create a perfect woman within expectations of today’s society. Throughout history the fondness of a woman’s attention has been a spirited pursuit for men, women’s sexually has always been used to caress males confidence. The Lowman men use women to boost their egos right through the play. Happy and Biff both believe that intercourse is directly associated to ones own self-confidence, as well that using woman for sex is completely appropriate way to treat women, â€Å"I’ve got to see that old confidence again. Do you want her? She’s on call.† Willy is no more exceptional at the art of courting a woman then his sons are. The most important incentive for the affair is Willy’s personal self-worth; â€Å"The Wom...

15 Quotes for Christmas Decorations

15 Quotes for Christmas Decorations Decorating your home during Christmas can be a lot of fun, especially when done with your loved ones. It is a great way to bond with family and friends. Colorful festoons, fairy lights, snowflake cutouts, and ribbons can make the atmosphere festive. So work up your imagination, and create magic with Christmas decorations. Theme-based decorations are a big hit with kids, regardless of age. You can even bake a cake with the theme, to add a dash of excitement. Instead of posting  Christmas cards  with your family photographed hugging each other, you can do something better. If you are a whiz at art and craft, you can make your own Christmas decorations rather than using store-bought trinkets. Get your family and kids to participate in making Christmas decorations and make this a family project. Besides saving money, you will also enjoy doing the project together. Hang photographs of your family during childhood, adulthood, best days and worst days. Take your friends for a  walk down memory lane with old pictures. Nothing is more charming than reminiscing good old days with a bunch of friends. These quotes from the famous and not so famous can inspire you decorating ideas that can help make your home and Christmas tree stand out in the neighborhood. Eva K. Logue A Christmas candle is a lovely thing; it makes no noise at all, but softly gives itself away; while quite unselfish, it grows small. Burton Hillis The best of all gifts around any Christmas tree: The presence of a happy family all wrapped up in each other.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow I heard the bells on Christmas Day / Their old, familiar carols play, and wild and sweet / The word repeat of peace on earth, good-will to men! Charles N. Barnard The perfect Christmas tree? All Christmas trees are perfect! Larry Wilde Never worry about the size of your Christmas tree. In the eyes of children, they are all 30 feet tall. Roy L. Smith He who has not Christmas in his heart will never find it under a tree. Lenore Hershey Do give books- religious or otherwise- for Christmas. They’re never fattening, seldom sinful, and permanently personal. Ashley Tisdale Love Christmas, not just because of the presents but because of all the decorations and lights and the warmth of the season. Mary Ellen Chase Christmas, children, is not a date. It is a state of mind. Charles M. Schulz Christmas is doing a little something extra for someone. G. K. Chesterton When we were children we were grateful to those who filled our stockings at Christmas time. Why are we not grateful to God for filling our stockings with legs? Peg Bracken Gifts of time and love are surely the basic ingredients of a truly merry Christmas. Richard Paul Evans The smells of Christmas are the smells of childhood. Norman Vincent Peale Christmas waves a magic wand over this world, and behold, everything is softer and more beautiful. Kin Hubbard Nothing’s as mean as giving a little child something useful for Christmas.

Finance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Finance - Coursework Example When staffs are able to access the company financials, they feel the existence of trust and transparency in management. As a result, they become motivated in contributing to ways used to run the company such as decision making processes. The second benefit is the sense of community. Allowing access to financial information creates an open environment where employees feel honest and open with one another. This increases happiness and relationships enabling the staffs to connect on a professional and personal level (Case, 1996). The other benefit is development of unique ideas. Through sharing of operational and financial information with staff, the top officials may likely to find unique ideas from them. In addition, individuals may offer new insights on how to tackle a certain problem. Failing to disclose financial information to employees leads to them ‘operating in the dark’. Without employees accessing financial data, they tend to lack information on the critical facts of the company such as profits and losses. This implies that even when a company suffer loss, employees are not able to help; lack of financial information hinders good decisions (Case, 1996). In addition, if a company make some profits and employees are not informed about it, they tend to become reluctant in their daily work. This prevents the company from meeting its

Florence County School district vs. Carter 1993 Research Paper

Florence County School district vs. Carter 1993 - Research Paper Example require better learning opportunities designed according to their needs, and they have the right to get this education from the public sector schools. These issues consequently made the Congress to pass an act in 1975 which is known as Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. This act assured that all the children, no matter what learning disability they have, are permitted to receive free and appropriate public education. Shannon Carter was a student in the 9th grade at Timmonsville High School in Florence County School, South Carolina. This was the time when her parents were told that their daughter would not be given education in a special education classroom, as she was suffering from dyslexia, rather she would be introduced in an Individualized Education Program (IEP) which would be in accordance with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Shannon was way behind her peers in education. When she entered high school, her reading ability was at the 5th grade level. The Individualized Education Program promised that by the end of the year she would be reading on level 5.8, as her current level was5.4, it meant that Shannon would make four months progress in reading after a complete year. This confirmed the fact that she would be left further behind her class mates. This was rather not acceptable to her parents, Mr. & Mrs. Carter. They wanted her child’s reading skills to be on the gr ade level by graduation. The Carters requested the school authorities to take more intensive and concentrated program for Shannon, but the school refused to do so. They requested the authorities a special education due process hearing. There, the parents of Shannon Carter demanded funding for Trident Academy, a school that specialized in imparting education to children with language learning disabilities. But the hearing officer did not accept the Carters request. He was sure that the IEP was the best option for the child and it was rightly designed to meet her

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 32

Reflection - Essay Example The most relevant information that I have learnt about the concept of diversity is that, there are various strategies which can be put in place in to enhance diversity. People can be trained and sensitized on different cultures to be able to understand, interact and accept others. I learnt that diversity boost production rate in an organization due to different ideas from diverse places. Additionally, diversity training enhances effective diversity management and this in turn motivates people to cooperate well. However, diversity is prone to various problems like discrimination, inequality in subordinate groups and harassment of employees. Diversity is important to me because it eliminates problems caused by differences in race, gender, or culture. Consequently, when people adapt to diverse working conditions positively, they help in eradication of conflicts and increase productivity of the organization.Basically, this research has really changed my thinking and approach to diversity and leadership. For instance, I have realized that lack of diverse workforce is in most cases caused by discrimination and stereotypes among us. People can learn a lot when they interact and work with diverse people with different cultures, belong to distinct races or gender. The most relevant information about the research based on diversity and healthy living is that everyone’s life is always influenced negatively or positively. However the case, they are affected physically or mentally therefore, appropriate exercise is necessary in order to live a healthy life. In this research, I have learnt that positive feelings increase our attention capacity as well as emotional well being. Participation in activities helps in elimination of prejudices. Additionally, I have gained knowledge on diversity climate which concentrates on views of openness and reaction towards a particular group of diversity. Have knowledge on people’s personalities, backgrounds and habits make one to be

Introduction to Communication-Emotional Responses-discussion Personal Statement

Introduction to Communication-Emotional Responses-discussion - Personal Statement Example I vividly remember a situation when a colleague of mine tried to load me with a job, which actually happened to be his responsibility. It being a hard day, I really got angry. I had an interaction with my colleague regarding this issue. Though I didn’t use rude language, I managed to convey my resentment and anger through my bodily gestures. My face was flushed red and I was leaning slightly forward, in a way violating the personal space of my colleague, during this talk. While talking, my eyebrows happened to be down and close to each other and I must admit, I had a rude glare in my eyes. My lips were narrowed and quivering all through that short talk and I was sweating a little. My colleague was able to notice my anger by seeing my body language, though I spoke a little, and he apologized for his mistake. Though I managed to get what I wanted, in retrospect I think that my bodily gestures were a way too aggressive during this interaction, and I could have acted more restrain ed and

Special interests Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Special interests - Assignment Example In democratic countries, especially the US, the people can express their preferences even after the elections by directly contacting the officials they elected concerning specific issues. Most of these activities in the United States are carried out by organized and enduring efforts coordinated by special interest groups, which brings together individuals with a common goal to seek collective action from elected officials. Special interest groups are associations whose members have shared concerns and attempt to influence government policies that impact these specific concerns (Lowi et al, 2013). While elected officials often complain that special interests have undue influence on US politics, interest groups work closely with the administration and Congress in drafting policy initiatives and legislation. In addition, they also provide the public and the government with information on an array of issues, while also substantially contributing to political campaigns. In recent years, t here has been a significant increase in the number special interest groups, especially with almost all segments of society in the US represented by a special interest group (Lowi et al, 2013). One way of classifying special interest groups is by the groups they represent. Some groups are directly interested in economic policies taken by the government and get their support from producers and manufacturers in specific sectors of the economy, such as the National Federation of Independent Business that represents owners of small businesses (Lowi et al, 2013).

Genre Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Genre Analysis - Essay Example Despite this however, the ultimate goal of all the reviews is directed to the customer. Other reviews are focused on the competitors of a particular commodity. For instance, in the electronics manufacturing industry, there are many companies which are involved in the manufacture of laptops and notebooks. All these compete for the same market share and the same customers. In order to win then trust of customers and win superiority in the battle for market share, companies can do anything including bribery of the review corporates and personnel to favour them in their columns. Reviews that are focused on the competitors are meant to show the level of success of a particular company and how best it has prospered in its innovation department, research and development activities. This is an enticing element for loyal customers of other brands. Business is business, and marketers, Chief Executives and management of all the companies are ready to do anything to increase the volumes of their sales. What makes the difference is how strict the company is while following the ethics of doing business. Apple Company which manufactures notebooks, laptops and iPads faces competition from other manufacturers such as, Harriett Packer Company which is a major manufacture of laptops, desktops and smartphones, Acer, Dell, Toshiba, Samsung, IBM, and Siemens among others. For apple to win competition in such a highly competitive market, it has to device many ways of winning in their competition. Free markets are faced by this problem as they desperately seek to find a way of marketing their products. When reviews are meant to help a company to make a sale or improve on its sales volume, they are mostly biased and do not portray the actual truth about the product. Such reviews are meant to attract customers to buy that product from the retailers and thus creating marketing opportunities for the company. Mostly, such companies pay product reviewers to come up with a review that favour s their company and products. As a result, people are led to believe that a particular review is genuine and actually portrays the actual condition and status of the products which is contrary to the reality. Such reviews include those that have a rating that is based on just a theoretical analysis with minimal tests. Such mischiefs by companies have increasingly rendered the reviews of products almost insignificant to the people. Whether used as a marketing tool or for generous reasons, reviews are now being viewed with scepticism by the people. Moreover, people rarely believe in the information provided by the reviews, a reason why most people opt to stick to the most popular and trusted brands. Most reviews cover the prices of the product, general performance and reliability, its improvement in case it is a series of production, features of the product and the availability. Moreover, others compare a particular product with that of other companies. In the â€Å"apple MacBook Pro with Retina Display† review by Cnet, the author takes a survey of various elements and features of the computer that are either appealing or annoying about the computer. Customers are mostly concerned with the reasons as to why the computer was awarded a rating of out of five by the editor, subsequently

Special interests Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Special interests - Assignment Example In democratic countries, especially the US, the people can express their preferences even after the elections by directly contacting the officials they elected concerning specific issues. Most of these activities in the United States are carried out by organized and enduring efforts coordinated by special interest groups, which brings together individuals with a common goal to seek collective action from elected officials. Special interest groups are associations whose members have shared concerns and attempt to influence government policies that impact these specific concerns (Lowi et al, 2013). While elected officials often complain that special interests have undue influence on US politics, interest groups work closely with the administration and Congress in drafting policy initiatives and legislation. In addition, they also provide the public and the government with information on an array of issues, while also substantially contributing to political campaigns. In recent years, t here has been a significant increase in the number special interest groups, especially with almost all segments of society in the US represented by a special interest group (Lowi et al, 2013). One way of classifying special interest groups is by the groups they represent. Some groups are directly interested in economic policies taken by the government and get their support from producers and manufacturers in specific sectors of the economy, such as the National Federation of Independent Business that represents owners of small businesses (Lowi et al, 2013).

Narrative Essay Essay Example for Free

Narrative Essay Essay Purpose: The journey I had while selling magazines was memorable because I met a lot people and saw many fun places. Thesis Statement: Selling magazines doesn’t sound fun, but doing it all over the U. S. was the best experience that anyone could imagine as well as meeting new people and seeing so many new places. It all started one sunny afternoon in sunny Oceanside, CA on the Camp Pendleton marine base. I was staying with a friend and I looked on craigslist and checked the newspaper for jobs, when I came across an ad in the paper that read â€Å"A COOL TRAVEL JOB† so I decided to call the number just to see what it was all about. When the lady answered the phone she said, â€Å"Thanks for calling Success Express how I can help you? † and I replied hi my name is Katie and I am calling about the ad in the paper. The lady that answered the phone was Shellie and she asked me some questions and gave me an over the phone interview. When that was done she asked when I would be able to start and I said as soon as possible, then she said to call back in 30 minutes and I would know if I got the job. See more: how to start a personal narrative essay examples Selling magazines didn’t sound fun, but doing it all over the US would be a great experience that I couldn’t imagine doing and also meeting new people sounds fun as well as seeing new places. So 30 minutes later I called back and sure enough I got the job. Shellie sent me a bus ticket for the next day I got on the Greyhound bus and was on my way to Mesa, Arizona to meet up with the crew. When I finally arrived in Arizona after a long bus ride I went to the Ramada Inn where the crew was staying. It was around noon so of course the crew was out working. I met Shellie and she got me into my room where I showered and got ready to meet the crew. Later on after the crew got off work, I finally got to meet everyone, who in a way was kind of scary because I wasn’t sure how they were, but surprising enough they were really nice and welcoming. I had a trainer whose name was Tatiana and she gave me the rules and showed me around the crew and just gave me a rundown on what it was that we actually would be doing. After that it was pretty late so we called it a night and went to bed so we could be ready for the next day. So now the journey officially began. We woke up the next day got ready and then had a meeting to get pumped up to sell some magazines. Oh boy, let me tell you that meeting was something else. There was singing songs, spill contests, and just a bunch of positivity all around that you would have thought you were in a cult, but of course you weren’t. The meeting was over and we finally left in a 15 passenger van to go to a neighborhood or an apartment complex where we would get dropped off and do our thing to sell magazines. Now of course we got paid, but it was on commission only so you only made money on what you sold. Sounds hard, but not really it was like we were in a contest so it made it a little easier to talk to people because they would want to help you win so if all they had to do is buy a magazine to get you points they would. Don’t get me wrong not everyone would buy one so you really had to put your charm on. A great day would be selling 10 magazines, but anywhere from 5-7 would be a good day and you would still make good money. There were so many states that I saw and loved but just to name a couple that I really loved and were my favorite was Hawaii, Guam and Alaska. These places were amazing and those are the places that I made so much money. In Hawaii we stayed in a hotel right on the beach and would have free time to do what we wanted to like go shopping, play at the beach and even go to the bars. It wasn’t just about having fun though we also had to work, see in Hawaii there is a lot of military so we would work on the bases and sell to the soldiers. The military bases are what we called our money makers because the soldiers would buy a lot of magazines and would pay in cash so it really secured our orders. Guam was a lot like Hawaii sunny warm and water all around you. The local territory was little more different than Hawaii because they spoke Chamorro which is the language they speak there. Not everyone spoke different, but the ones that did were hard to understand. The people were all so very nice in Guam they would always offer you food and that is one thing with people in Guam if they offer you food you must take it because they consider it an insult if you say no thank you. The thing that I remember most about Guam is the stray dogs, but there they call them boonie dogs. These dogs would be all over and look so shaggy and some of them would chase you. Was sometimes scary, but most of the time they would leave you alone. Now for Alaska, I love it very cold, but I could see myself living there one day. Yes we would sell magazines in the freezing cold but of course we were bundled in warm clothes. Everyone in Alaska is so nice and welcoming. Alaska is where I had my high day of selling magazines which was 20 sales, boy I was a happy camper. I also saw my first bald eagle. One thing about Alaska is in the summer time it never gets dark so it’s such a different feeling, I think it would be hard to sleep when it’s still light outside. You would definitely have to get use to the weather, but it is still one of my favorite places. So selling magazines ended up being a very memorable experience for me because I never would have thought I would have seen so many cool places in the world. If you ever get to do an experience that would take you all over the country do it because you definitely won’t forget it. Selling magazines might not sound fun to some people, but it was my most memorable journey in my life so far and I am glad I did because then I would not have met new people and saw new places.

Introduction To Space Technology Information Technology Essay

Introduction To Space Technology Information Technology Essay Without them, space exploration would be impossible. Rockets and space shuttles help transport people to space. Satellite telescopes and space stations help people explore space. They also help us understand space better by taking pictures of stellar objects. The ISS International Space Station has begun constructed in 1998.It will house up to 700 astronauts with a connection of modules as two football fields. There might also be a satellite that can take pictures far beyond what we have today. (1) Highly developed space technologies are required to make possible many potential space activities and to less the cost and improve the performances of others. The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, which created the NASA, directed the Agency to accomplish the Nations Civil Space Activities to contribute significantly to the preservation of the role of the United States as a leader in Aeronautical and Space Sciences and Technology. (2) We all know the importance of satellite based technology in our daily lives as well as conventional military hard ware. After the cold war the development of satellites and electronic warfare technology enter into force of almost every field of conventional warfare. The usage of satellite technology primarily concerns and tactical advantages based on satellite surveillance, communication affect the opponents in conventional war. The problem of poor visibility or bad weather does not affect satellite weapons such as joint direct munitions (JDAM) and joined stand off weapon (JSOW). These weapons can be deployed in all weather condition without the need of any ground support it works upon GPS. Development of Pakistans space program: The Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) also known as the Pakistan Space Agency of the Pakistani government, responsible for nations public space program. SUPARCO was established on September 16, 1961 by the order of President Muhammad Ayub Khan on the advice of its founding director, Abdus Salam. (3) History: Pakistans mission to pursue peaceful space technology began in the early 1960s.It was Dr. Abdus Salams advice to the president of Pakistan to establish a National Space Agency of Pakistan. It was decided to set up a committee dealing with Space Sciences. A Space Science Research Wing of the Pakistans Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC ) was established through an Executive order of the President of Pakistan General Ayub Khan which was addressed to Dr.I H Usmani , the chairman of PAEC . The program of rocket firings was entrusted to the chairman of PAEC. (4) Dr. Abdus Salam was appointed its first chairman. On June 7 1962, under the leadership of Air Cdre. Wladyslaw Jozef Marian Turowicz, a two stage rocket, Rehbar-I was launched from the Sonmiani Satellite Launch Center. Pakistan was the third country in Asia and the tenth in the world to conduct such a launching. (5) The United States launch first rocket from Pakistani soil. The launch used the combination of two US rocket motors the NIKE CAJUN launched from Sonmiani, 50 Km west from Karachi .( 6 ) The rocket reached an altitude of almost 130 Km. The US Space Agency NASA hailed the launch at the beginning of a program continuing co-operation in space research of mutual interest. The NASA SUPARCO co-operation agreement called for the training of Pakistani scientists and technicians at Guddard space flight center and Wallops Island NASA also set up research associates and fellowship programs at American universities. In 1981 SUPARCO planed Astronautic program with NASA. But due to the space shuttle challenger incident the program was p ut on hold. Later it was cancelled in 1990. (6) On 8 March 1966, President Ayub Khan constituted SUPARCO as a separate organization. Dr Abdus Salam , along with Dr. W J M Turowicz, led a team of aerospace engineers and rocket scientists to design a Rehbar sounding rocket series.(7) Dr Abdus Salam also established space centers in different cities of Pakistan like Karachi and Lahore. He also initiated an aerospace engineering program in SUPARCO. He was one of the pioneering figures in the 1960s to lead Pakistan in the space power world. He knows the importance of space and nuclear technology his efforts were also involved in the development and installation of high powered astronomical telescope at Karachi University. He also established aero space engineering course at PAF Academy.(8) Though the Pakistani space program was frozen several times like in 1970s, by the government of Pakistan , President Yahya Khan and PM Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto froze it more than a decade then again in 1993s both nuclear and space program due to economic depression. This space program was defreeze by then President General Pervaiz Mussharraf and the agency developed a satellite development program rapidly but on the other hand Indian space Research organization(ISRO) progress very well as ESA, NASA and Chinese space agency. SUPARCO faced strict sanctions on the import of various materials required to manufacture and launch rockets during early 90s from USA and Russia. The delay of Russian launch vehicle also resulting the long delay for th e launch of Badr B, Pakistans second satellite, These events had an immense impact on SUPARCOs plan to launch and place its own satellite in orbit. (9) Beside the talented space and nuclear scientists Pakistan followed the policy of deliberate ambiguity for many decades. Thats why its still unclear what the plans and operations as well as the capability of SUPARCO and its facilities are? Comparison of Pakistan and India space program: Badr -1: SUPARCO with the help of Amateur Radio Society started building the small Amateur radio satellite in late 1986. Badr -1 was planned to be launched on the US Space Shuttle, but Challenger explosion and consequent delay in American flight changed the plan. (10) Badr -A was Pakistans first indigenously developed satellite and was launched from the Xichang Launcher Center, China on July 16, 1990 aboard a Chinese Long March 2E rocket. Badr- 1 weighted 150 pounds. It was designed for a circular orbit at 250- 300 miles altitude, the satellite successfully completed its designed life. (11) Badr -B: Pakistans second satellite was Badr -B .It was an earth observation satellite and was launched on 10 December 2001 on a Zenit 2 rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan. It was designed by Space Innovations Limited from the UK. (12) Pakistan has only operated one small satellite in LEO; the countrys modest space program has long been leaning toward remote sensing applications. A data processing infrastructure has been established to exploit earth observation data transmitted by Land sat, NOAA, and SPOT satellites. Further SUPARCO is preparing for the commercial launch of a simple Pakistani satellite with earth imaging capabilities. It was expected that SUPARCO would launch the second Badar -II satellite in1993 but target was not achieved. The Badr -II will help Pakistan in making of infrastructure for space competent system and achievement of know how and capability in the field of satellite attitude control. (12) PakSat-1: PakSat-1 was Pakistans first geostationary satellite. The satellite was initially known as Palapa C1 and was designed to serve Indonesia after an electronics failure, it was renamed Anatolia 1 and then renamed again to PakSat-1i in 2002.it was originally manufactured by Boeing and used the HS 601 spacecraft design. It was launched on February 1, 1996. (13) PakSat-1 currently severing a number of regional customers including, TV broadcasters, telecom companies, data and broad band internet services providers as well as government organizations. PakSat-1 will be replaced before its end of life by PakSat- 1R to ensure continuity of service. (14) PakSat- 1R Satellite: PakSat- 1R Satellite will replace the existing paksat -1 in 2010.under the agreement Telesat will help the Pakistani agency find a manufacturer, technical and commercial advice and also to help supervise the construction of new satellite and monitor the launch and in-orbit testing services. Haft Ballistic Missile Project: Despite of space program SUPARCO initiated Pakistan nuclear missile development program in early 1980s.scientists from KRL and SUPARCO developed colaboratlly Haft missiles series. It was reviled in 1989.with the successful launch of an indigenous multi stage rocket into the deep space. Which was said 480 Km deep into the space. Recently SUPARCO has tested two high altitude hyper sonic sounding rockets (Shaper and Rakhnum). This is claimed to be a 3 stage liquid fuel rocket and get the altitude of 1000 Km. (15) Shaheen III satellite launch vehicle (SLV): Its a 3 stage SLV and can carry the payload of 100 Kg to an orbit of 450-500 km above earth surface. (16) Indian Space Research Organization: The national space program was formally organized in 1972 with the formation of space commission, the department of space (DOS) and Indian space organization (ISRO) to promote the development and application of space technology and socio economic benefit of the country. Space commission is the policy making body and these policies are implemented by department of space .research and development activities are carried out through Indian space research orgnisation.the over all co-ordination of the space program is carried out by program offices of ISRO in different areas like satellite communication, earth observation systems, space sciences, launch vehicles, international co-operation and industrial co-ordination etc. (17) Major establishments of the department of space include: National remote sensing agency (NRSA): NRSA located in Haiderabad is an antonymous institution supported by department of space .its main task is acquisition, processing and distribution of data from remote sensing satellites. It has an earth station that receives data from Indian remote sensing satellites, US-LANDSAT and NOAA, French SPOT and also acquires micro wave data from European remote sensing satellite (ERS).NRSA is also responsible for Indian institute at Dehradun.(17) b) Physical research laboratory (PRL): it is located at Ahmadabad. It is a premier center for research in space and allied sciences. PRLs main research areas are ASTRONOMY, ASTRO PHYSICS, PLANETARY ATMOSPHERE, EARTH SCIENCES, SOLAR SYSTEMS STUDIES and THEORETCIAL PHYSICS. It also manages solar observatory at Udaipur. c) National mesosphere -stratosphere troposphere radar facility (NMRF): this facility conducts atmospheric research and also available for national and international scientists.(17) d) Vikram sarabhai space center (VSSC): it is located at Thiruvanthapuram. It is the main establishment for all rockets and launch vehicle programs. Its major research areas are Aeronautics, Launch Vehicles, Avionics, Propellants, and Composites, Solid propulsion, mechanical computers and system reliability.(17) e) ISRO Satellite center (ISAC): ISAC is the lead establishment in research and development of satellite technology. Its main areas of activities are Power systems, Digital systems, communications, Microwaves, Thermal systems, Space craft mechanisms, Assembly and testing. It also carries out research and development in the field of Electro optic sensors and other relevant systems of satellites.(17) f)Shar center : Shar Center is located in Sriharikota (Tamilnado)is the main launch center of ISRO. It acquired all facilities required for a launch mission including range instrumentation, mission analysis, range safety, and meteorology. This center also has the facilities for processing and ground testing solid propellant motors required for launch vehicles. Shar also operates the launch ranges at Kerala. (18) g) Liquid propulsion systems center (LPSC): the activities of LPSC are carried out at different places like Bangalore Thiruvanthapuram. h) Space application center (SAC): Space application center is located at Ahmadabad. Its major areas of activity consist of satellite communication and remote sensing. Including micro wave remote sensing .it also operates Delhi Earth station for satellite communication. (18) i) ISRO Telemetry, tracking and command network (ISTRAC): This establishment provides mission support nearer satellites and launch vehicle missions. It has also established a vast network of ground stations at Bangalore, Lucknow, port blar, siriharikota, tamilnado , bears lake ,Mauritius and many others . j)Development and educational communicational unit (DECU): it is located at Ahmadabad. It is involved in conception, definition, planning, and implementation and socio economic evaluation of space application.(19) k) INSAT Master control facility (MCF): INSAT Master control facility is located at Hassan Karnatka.it is responsible for all post launch operations on INSAT satellites which includes orbit Manoeubres , station keeping and on orbit operation of the space craft.(19) l) ISRO Inertial system unit (IISU): It is located at Thiruvanthapuram. Its area of research and development includes navigation systems, satellites inertial systems integration and simulation of inertial systems, bearing and space technology.(19) m)Antrix Corporation limited: it is marketing agency under the department of space which markets satellite components and sub systems. It also provides satellite fabrication, launch services and tracking facilities. (20) Major technological programs and achievements: From a Modest beginning in 1963 with the launch of small rocket from Thumba Thiruvanthapuram, Indian space program has come along way. Today Indian national satellite system (INSAT)and the Indian remote sensing satellite system (IRS)are the vital elements of national infra structure for telecommunication , television broad casting, meteorology , survey and management of resources are now designed and build indegiousnly INSAT satellite system. It is one of the largest domestic satellite systems in the world today. INSAT Systems got a substantial boost in 1999-2000 with the commission of INSAT- 2E and the planned launch of first two INSAT 3 A and INSAT 3 V of the five satellite series. It also extended C-band transponders. (21) IRS Satellite Systems: An Indian remote sensing satellite system comprises a constellation of four satellites. IRS Satellite Systems provides remote sensing services. Data provided by these satellites is put to use for application like agricultural crop acreage and yield estimation, ground water targeting, identification of waste land for possible reclamation, forest survey snow melting, mineral prospects, thematic mapping, and urban planning environmental monitoring and so on. Data from IRS Satellite is also acquired and used by several other countries like Korea, Japan, Thailand, Europe and Dubai under commercial agreements. The IRS series includes OCEAN SAT, CARTOSAT and RESOURCESAT and many others.(21) Satellite Launch Vehicles: ISRO has made substantial progress in the development of launch vehicle. The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) has already became operational with the successful launch of IRS 1.it is also plan to launch all future satellites in the IRS series by this vehicle. The PSLV is also being offered other countries to launch their satellites. A beginning was made by launching IRS -P4 (OCEAN SAT) PSLV-C2 was used to launched two small satellites namely the Korean (KISAT) and the German TUBSAT as pay load.(21) Part 2: Militarization of space: Space plays an increasing role in military activities. Over 800 satellites orbit the earth, many of which have military uses, from reconnaissance to guiding weapon systems. Satellites are the main focus of military activities. They are widely used to provide support for military or security related activities such as verifying compliance with arms control treaties. They are also increasingly used to provide direct support for military operations. During the 2004 Iraq war, 68% of munitions were satellite guided. (22) Right from the beginning satellite has an important military role during war time as well as in peace time.dependance on them is increased dramatically in last two decades. The previous methods of reconnaissance, communication, remote sensing etc are largely responsible for increasing role of military satellites. Some of the most commonly military satellite applications are; Reconnaissance and intelligence gathering functions. Command and communication Navigation satellites Early warning satellites Meteorological satellites Nuclear detection satellites (23) 1: Reconnaissance and intelligence gathering functions: The most known types of military satellites are these used to verify the extant and the composition of military forces. The most important role of Reconnaissance and intelligence gathering satellites is the verification of the agreed limitation of strategic arms and monitoring of new military developments. It is achieved by a variety of electronic and photo graphic means. Command and communication: Command and communication is one such application the satellites today meant for the purpose can provide instant communication between the operational forces and their national command authorities irrespective of the distance or time of the day. (23) Navigation satellites: The Navigation satellites are capable of providing data to enable position fixing with an accuracy of few meters. Early warning satellites: The role of these satellites is to detect the exhaust of rising ICBMs. These satellites carry large telescopes and television cameras to transmit photos of detected ICBMs.(24) Meteorological satellites: Uses of these satellites like weather forecast have been earlier benefits of space program. The weather satellites not only provide long range forecast for military planners, they also play a key roll in reconnaissance satellites. They provide advance information to the mission planners of reconnaissance satellite on whether the target area will be clear of clouds cover or not. When the reconnaissance satellite makes its plan, this eliminates the wastage of reconnaissance film.(24) Nuclear detection satellites: The idea of nuclear detection using satellites originated by USA. While finding ways to police a nuclear test ban treaty. The solution came in the form of Wela satellites. This has the capability of detection a nuclear explosion at the distance of Venus or Mars and reports its yield and other characteristics. What now after 1970 IMEWS (integrated missile early warning satellites) had taken over its place. (24) How India can weaponise space to effect conventional and strategic forces: ISRO opposed military applications for duel use projects such as SLV3, (satellite launch vehicle- 3) .Ultimately the defense research and DRDO based missile program headed by Dr. Abdul Kalam who was the project in charge of SLV3 at ISRO, DRDO borrowed him with other scientists and other technology resources from ISRO directly for Indian missile program at DRDO where Dr. Abdul Kalam designed the Agni missile using the SLV 3 solid first stage and liquid fuel second stage (Prithvi Missile derived). IRS and INSAT were mainly intended and used for civilian economic purposes. They also offered military spinoff in 1996.ministary of defense blocked the use of IRS 1 C by the Indian environment and agriculture ministry in order to monitor ballistic missile near Indian borders. Indian air forces doctrine also aspired to use space assets for surveillance and battle management. (25) Satellite navigations allow precision in the delivery of weapons targets, increasing their lethality. Satellite navigations can be regarded as a force multiplier. Satellite navigations also allow forces to be directed and locate themselves more easily in the fog of war. According to the report by IANS February 9th 2010 India is developing an intelligence satellite for detecting conversations and espionage activities. According to Defense electronics research laboratory (DERL) Rupees 10 billion has been allocated in for this project in cooperation with ISRO. The satellite will be fitted with the electronic sensors are more powerful than the remote sensors satellites of ISRO. Space craft should be ready to launch by 2014. Anti-Satellites Weapons: According to a TV press briefing during the 97th Indian science conference the director general DRDO announced that India is developing lasers and Exo-Atmospheric Kill Vehicle that would be combined to produce a weapon to destroy enemy satellites in orbit. (26) Later in February 10 2010 DG DRDO and Scientific advisor Dr V K Saraswat said that India has all the building blocks necessary to integrate an anti- satellite weapon to neutralize the hostile satellites in low earth and polar orbits. He also said that the propulsion module and kill vehicles already existed in principle on the Agni missile series .he also said India doesnt had a formal anti-satellite weapon as yet, however anti- satellite weapons could be developed as the part of Indian Ballistic missile program which would be completed in 2014. (27) India also identified development of ASAT for electronic and physical destruction of satellites. In both LEO and the higher GEO synchronous orbits in its long term prospective plan s (2012-2027). (28) Launch capabilities: Geopolitical and economic positions during 1960s and 1970s forced India to start its own launch vehicle program. At its first days from 1960-70 India successfully developed a sounding rocket program. (29) By the 1980 the search yielded the satellite launch vehicle 3 and the more advanced augmented Satellite launched vehicle (ASLV) completed with operational supporting infrastructure. ISRO applied its capabilities and resources for the advancement of launch vehicle technology resulting in creation of polar satellite launch vehicle and geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV). 1: Satellite launch vehicles (SLVs) SLV was a four stage solid fuel light launcher. It was intended to reach the height of 500 Km and can carry the pay load of 40 Kg. (30) Augmented satellite launch vehicle (ASLV): It was a five stage solid propellant rocket with the capability of placing a 150 Kg satellite in to LEO.THIS PROJECT WAS STARTED BY THE ISRO in early 1980s for the pay load to be placed into geostationary orbit. Its design was based on SLV later it was decommissioned in 1994. (31) 2: Polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV): It was an expandable launch system developed to launch Indian remote sensing satellites into sun synchronous orbits .PSLVs can also launch small satellites in geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The reliability of PSLV is proven by that it has launched 30 spacecrafts 14 Indian and 16 from other countries into a verity of orbits. (32) It also successfully launched 10 satellites at a time in April 2008 by making a new world record previously held by Russia. (33) 3: Geo synchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV): It is also an expandable launch system to enable India to launch its INSAT type satellites in to the orbit by making India less depending on other foreign rockets. It is the ISROs heaviest SLV which is capable of five tons payload to low earth orbit. (34) 4: Geo synchronous satellite launch vehicle Mark III (GSLV): It is a launch vehicle under development by ISRO which is capable to launch heavy satellites in geostationary orbits. Due to this development India will become non dependent for heavy lifting on foreign rockets. Its first flight is schedule in 2011. (35) Satellites launched by South Asian Countries: Till 2008 India launched 34 satellites indigenously or by other countries help. On the other hand Pakistan has launched 5 payloads in the orbits. Where as China has launched 83 payloads. (36) Areas of concern: In December 2006indian defense establishment conducted the first test of its missiles defense capabilities, in which an interceptor PAD destroyed a Prithvi SRBM at a height of roughly 50 Km. DRDO chief M Nataranjan stated that it was a major achievement of India although he acknowledged it would be some time before India might possess an anti-satellite capability.(37) Following the PAD anti-missile test, India conducted 13th test of BrahMos cruise missile. However it has not been able to develop a military satellite for the armed forces, along -standing demand of the latter. The military satellite projects being developed in cooperation with ISRO (38) When India will achieve its aims of armed forces military satellites that would be a highly vulnerable time for Pakistan. How Pakistan can respond: Pakistan is surrounded by two symbiotic (China India) and also Iran who is struggling in missile and space program. These countries have affected missile systems and satellite networks. To counter with these elements Pakistan must have an effective missile delivery system as well as effective missile defense systems. Both of these systems could not achieve the maximum results without any military satellite network. Reconnaissance and spying of the ground based troops, their movements and jamming or intercepting enemys network. All these elements based on spy satellites. To monitor the launch of enemys ballistic missile we should get thermal imaging capable satellites. In modern warfare systems all the three services should be interlinked with the battle fields with the help of sensors radars and communication satellites for the early warning and central command and control. Smart weapons like JADAMs their acquiring will be an asset for air force in this expensive race. Part 3: Economic effects of space race between India and Pakistan: The ISRO will receive 57.78 billion rupees ($1.25 bn) for 2010.its a 38 % increase over last year. 21 billion Rs will go to launch vehicle technology development while satellite technology will receive 10 billion Rs, a 45 % increase over the 2009 fund.(http//:www.space.com/news/india-space-budget-increase-sn-100315.html) Budget of SUPARCO in 2009 was 3.12 billion rupees for its four on going projects in the next fiscal year. Rs 1.764 billion for PakSat-1R. Rs 100 million for the development of environment validation and testing (EVT) Satellite. Rs 84 for intelligence development and capacity building in satellite engineering and technology etc. (39) Both (India Pakistan) are the nations with one of the poorest populations in the world who are investing billions of dollars into space missions and satellite launches. Instead to over come the poverty both are neglecting the core issue. Pakistan has no comparison with India in space race and without a doubt Pakistan can not afford the space race. How Indian developments are being seen by international world especially China and USA: The India Space Program considered being a sign of an Indian effort which can maintain some measure of equality with China on the world stage or to create its own claim to great power status. Because its still behind China. There has been increasing debate of an Asian space race among China, India, and Japan to explore the lunar surface. India has over 40 years of experience in space and has achieved a comparatively strong and mature capability in space applications. In technological terms, Indian space program is roughly comparable with Chinas program except in human spaceflight and exploration. While India spends a bit more than Russia does on its space program. The percentage of GDP that India devotes to space is second to USA. India moves to advance internationalize space exploration and any cooperation with USA or Russia, will have a major impact on space exploration throughout the next decade and beyond. Although India cant have strategic parity with China, but the Chinese ASAT test has highlighted a new Indian vulnerability, as the country is about to develop in coming years modern military observation and communication satellites. Conflict between India and Pakistan, with the potential of nuclear armed missiles exchange remains a source of international concern. In such conflict , to de-escalate the crisis China can provide reconnaissance to Pakistan, of Indian troops movements and mobile- missile deployments would be crucial for india. While using its ASAT on behalf of its ally to blind India could be a serious concern for India. To counter these threats India can seek reinforce intelligence ties to USA and Russia to use their capabilities which China might be reluctant to target. (40) Conclusion: As the comparison of India and Pakistan we can clearly see that Indias space and nuclear program is going by every means. Whether it is spying satellites or deployments of other countries spy satellites like Israel or its anti- satellite programs. All these areas of concerns destabilized the integrity of Pakistan as well as other countries like Iran and China. International community can create obstacle in permissions and clearances for Pakistans nuclear and missiles due to Israel and Indian influence on world community. But the thing is that India has a clear intention to advance its space and nuclear program, Pakistan will have to take countermeasures which will include deploying its own satellites and there is risks that in this respect may it provoke a space race that neither can afford. NOTES: 1:http://libary.thinkquest.org/j0112540/spacetek/index.html 2: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6068page=5 3: history of SUPARCO 4: http://www.suparco.gov.pk/pages/history.asp 5: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6068page=5 6:http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/Pakistan/hataf.html 7: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6068page=5 8: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6068page=5 9: history of SUPARCO 10: http://www.fas.org/ssp/guide/pakistan/earth 11: http://www.fas.org/ssp/guide/pakistan/earth 12: http://www.fas.org/ssp/guide/pakistan/earth 13: http://www.paksat.com.pk/ 14: http://www.paksat.com.pk/ 15: http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/Pakistan/hataf.html 16: (http//:en.wikipedea.org/wiki/space and Upper atmosphere Research commission 17: Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 344 18:Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 345 19:Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 347 20:Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 350 21:http://www.isro.org/lahnchvehicles/GSLVMARKIII/mark3.aspx 22: (POST note December 2006 # 273) 23: Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 354 24:Dr. D C Agaraewal: satellite communication pg 356 25: mistry, 94-95 26: peter B de seldingindia developing anti-satellite spacecrafts space .com 27: India developing weapon systems to neutralize enemys satellites Xinhua Newsagency.2010-01-03.reterived 2010 -01-03 28: http//:timesofindia.indiatimes .com/india/india-to-gear-up-4- star-wars/articles/show/5970384.cms) 29: http://www.isro.org/lahnchvehicles 30:ISRO vehicles. Jean

Essay --

Anthony Burgess once said that â€Å"The important thing is moral choice. Evil has to exist along with good, in order that moral choice may operate. Life is sustained by the grinding opposition of moral entities.† In his dystopian novella, Burgess discusses the topic of free will and reinforces the notion of moral choice and having the freedom to choose either good or evil. Alex starts off inherently evil, committing horrendous acts of terror, only to reveal change in the final chapter of the novel when he abandons the status quo and begins searching for a new life, one with a wife and a son of his own. Alex’s personal transformation results in a newfound freedom, which is attributed to the idea that goodness is genuine only when it is chosen, and that without moral choice man ceases to be man, but instead, he is rendered into a â€Å"clockwork orange†, a deterministic mechanism. Alex, the protagonist, becomes the first subject of Ludovico’s Technique, a rehabilitation method imposed by the state that causes a person to only commit acts of goodness. In a 1986 essay, Burgess writes, â€Å"If [a person] can only perform good or only perform evil, then he is a clockwork orange- meaning that he has the appearance of an organism lovely with colour and juice but is in fact only a clockwork toy to be wound up by God or the Devil or (since this is increasingly replacing both) the Almighty State.† Alex believes that humans are born and destined to be evil, needing societal pressures and education to become good. Alex does not view his inclination for evil as a result of his environment; rather, the dystopian setting is a result of his actions and the actions of other wrongdoers. Therefore, Alex can be seen as a victim of Original Sin, the Christian idea ... ...ho has desires to overthrow the government, ultimately uses Alex, who brutality raped his wife and led to her eventual death, as a sacrificial lamb for his own political agenda. Even the cats belonging to the old cat-lady, who Alex kills in his excursion to the Manse get reimbursed by taking all of Alex’s things. Alex is imprisoned to his past, until he assumes all responsibility for his former actions, and once he has paid the price for them, he is able to discover the newfound freedom that comes with personal growth and maturity. His desire for happiness: a loving wife, a son of his own, and a role in the working-class society, culminates in his transformation from a inherently evil child to a rational, good human being. (the 21st, which is significant, as the right to vote in Britain was granted at the age of 21 and is seen as a rite of passage into adulthood).