How Culture Defines the Organization Campus Christian...

They say that first impressions are lasting impressions. Although it seems first impressions of other people are quite accurate, it can be misleading in cases such as in organizations and clubs. Many organizations are associated with stereotypes which could be the sole reason that contributes to the ‘first impression’. Church-based organizations such as Campus Christian Fellowship (CCF) have stereotypes; many of which are negative. Yet, actually participating in the organization, many will find the culture of the organization has a very pleasant aura that exposes some stereotypes that were ‘assigned’ to the organization are not true at all. CCF is an organization that is not restricted to a specific religious denomination and serving on the campuses of four colleges in North Carolina. The purpose of CCF is to â€Å"make disciples on campus who impact the world.† The culture of CFF greatly helps achieve the purpose in different ways. Because of the a larming number of stereotypes of church-based organizations, CCF refutes many misconceptions by managing the stereotypes by the aspects of their culture such as beliefs, traditions and behaviors. A part of the culture of CCF is to go to Bible studies on Mondays and going to Overflow, which is a branch of CCF, on Wednesdays. In Bible studies, male and female students on campus actively study Scripture and have reflections of the words of God. In Overflow, members of CFF and other interested students praise and worship God and discuss

Case Work and Social Work - 2978 Words

Case work is not only the basic practice in professional Social Work but rather, a common practice followed by all. The traditional definition defines case work as â€Å"a method of helping individuals through a one-on-on relationship’’. Every individual trained or untrained indulges in case work. The difference is made by theoretical understanding and professional ethics, practices involved in professional case work. Mary Richmond in 1915 explains casework as â€Å"the art of doing different things for and with different people by cooperating with them to achieve at one and the same time their own and society betterment.† Social Case Work can also be defined as â€Å"an art in which knowledge of the science of human relations and skill in relationship†¦show more content†¦He mostly remains absent at the coaching classes and the school as well. The only source of income for the family is the lemon business of his mother on which they have been depend ent. His Father was working as a rikshwa puller in Yogeshwari area and that point of time his mother was a homemaker, but after his father’s death, his mother started a lemon business in Matunga Road. Father passed away four years back. The client has no serious disease ,but he has some kind of wounds on his body. When, i asked him about the wounds, he told that he has got these wounds while he was playing cricket. Then, i had taken him to a docter and he got cured within fifteen days. His mother usually comes to meet him at the of every month. CASE WORK PROCESS- STAGES INVOLVED: Case work processes entail different steps including: †¢ Social Study. †¢ Social Assessment. †¢ Casework Help. †¢ Termination. †¢ Evaluation. SOCIAL STUDY: Social study is a systematic study of the client and gaining an understanding of his situation through interaction and frequent visits. †¢ Age: 12 years. †¢ Sex: Male. †¢ Educational qualification: pursuing standard 6th. †¢ Health condition: no serious disease. †¢ Personality features: reserved and withdrawn. †¢ Family constellation: one sister and his mother. Family Constellation- SL.NO NAME AGE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CLIENT EDUCATION OCCUPATION 1. Ganesh Kamble 12years client PursuingShow MoreRelatedThe Social Work Case Study2703 Words   |  11 PagesRunning Head: SOCIAL WORK CASE STUDY 1 SOCIAL WORK CASE STUDY 2 SOCIAL WORK CASE STUDY Name Institution Date Client System John Marcel aged 47 and his wife Alexia aged 39 have been one of my most fascinating neighbors for about fifteen years. The couple has five children, of whom two were in college, one in high-school, andRead MoreSocial Work Case Study Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pageseasily accommodated. In the event, a widow was able bodied she would be placed in a workhouse to provide for herself and risk possibly being separated from her children. According to Jansson (2009), though able bodied individuals were forced to work in workhouses as part of their contribution to the system, The Elizabeth poor law was in fact a beneficial policy, as it provided assistance for individuals in need (Jansson, 2009). However, given the fact that Ms. Apple is African American, the lawsRead MoreCase Study in Social Work Practice2105 Words   |  9 Pagesidentify a case I have been involved in and have continuously had to assess whilst on placement. It will refer to a child who will be identified as A. A is a y oung carer and has only recently returned home after being removed from his mothers care due to her having a substance abuse problem and mental health concerns. I will link the legal framework that was relevant to this case study and describe actions taken. Additionally these actions will demonstrate the application of social work methods andRead MoreHypothetical Case Study - Social Work4882 Words   |  20 PagesCase Study - Adolescent Male Geneva Giles Oakland University Dr. Scott Smith Social Work 311 June 13, 2010 Introduction Role of Person in the Environment theory in Understanding Social Problems Sexual Assault and Homeless Male Adolescent Sexual assault overview Homeless/Runaway differences Paper Intent and Overview This paper will present a hypothetical case study of a 17-year-old African American male who has been referred for social work services after being a forced recipient partner duringRead MoreEthical Dilemma In The Social Work Case Study786 Words   |  4 PagesThe social work profession is rooted in a set of core values and principles which are applied as standards in determining ethical judgements. This paper will explore an ethical dilemma and how utilizing the ethical decision making model can offer different resolutions. Joseph (1983) discussed how this ethical model â€Å"suggests a structure and a systematic process for inquiry into ethical issues that emerge in clinical practice and its organizational contexts.† Dilemma in Context Practice Setting TheRead MoreCase Study Management For Decades Throughout Social Work817 Words   |  4 Pagesin case management for decades throughout social work. Crisis intervention is just one form of interventions out of thirteen. Clinical case management involves 13 distinct activities, including engagement of the patient, assessment, planning, linkage with resources, consultation with families, collaboration with psychiatrists, patient psycheducation, and crisis intervention (Kanter, 1989). Even though Crisis management may have not been the correct invention for every situation in social work isRead MoreCase Study on Ethics and Dual Relationships in Social Work Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Case Study: Juan S. The social worker in this case study worked at the ABC Children’s Wellness Center. An ESL teacher at a local elementary school referred Juan S. to her. Juan came to the center with his mother, Silvia. Before seeing Juan and his mother, the social worker called the ESL teacher who referred Juan to her to discuss the case. The teacher reported that Juan was showing little interest in classroom activities or his peers, and always seemed exhausted. He was irritable andRead MoreSocial Work Case Study- How I Applied Social Work Skills through Sessions with Mother and Son2562 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction Being aware of oneself as a social worker is imperative if one plans to be an effective and competent social worker. There will be many incidents and situations social workers may chance upon in their professional work, which may present some difficulty concerning the next step to take in working with a client. Being aware is the first step. Background Information The family subset that will be explored in this paper is a mother and a son dyad that I worked with in my internshipRead MoreLaw For Social Work Practice : Adults And Carers Case Scenario2068 Words   |  9 Pages7SO004 Law for Social Work Practice: Adults and Carers Case Scenario Mrs Durant would be considered a vulnerable adult based on the guidance outlined in ‘No Secrets’ (Department of health (DH) 2000) due to her age, disability and her inability to take care of herself. Within safeguarding adults, no specific Law is currently implemented, which means each Local Authority (LA) will have their own policies that need to be adhered too. Social Work Intervention part 1: Current hospital admission PriorRead MoreTo Consider the Influence of Legislation in Relation to Social Care, the Case of Mary Who Has Been Diagnosed with Dementia Will Be Used to Explain How Legislation Is Used. Within Social Work, Law Is Very Important as It2851 Words   |  12 PagesUse the case study to illustrate your understanding of the influence of underpinning legislation in relation to how social care intervention could improve their quality of life. To consider the influence of legislation in relation to social care, the case of Mary who has been diagnosed with dementia will be used to explain how legislation is used. Within social work, law is very important as it is used to provide guidance and duties for the local authorities and professionals in how to proceed

Financial Consumer Protection free essay sample

The paper will also comprise of comprehensive information on laws and regulations relevant for consumer protection and discusses a number of challenges related to empirical analyses of financial consumer protection. 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Financial consumer protection is about ensuring a fair exchange between providers and consumers of financial services. A deliberate policy framework is necessary to counterbalance the inherent disadvantage of financial service consumers’ vis-a-vis the power, information, and resources of their providers. Consumer protection, in the broader sense, refers to the laws and regulations that ensure fair interaction between service providers and consumers. Government intervention and regulation in the area of consumer protection are justified on the basis of inherent information asymmetries and power imbalances in markets, with producers or service providers having more information about the product or service than the consumers. A consumer protection framework generally includes the introduction of greater ransparency and awareness about the goods and services, promotion of competition in the marketplace, prevention of fraud, education of customers, and elimination of unfair practices. Consumer protection frameworks in the financial service industry are evolving as products become more complex and a greater number of people rely on financial services. An effective consumer protection framework includes three complementary aspects. First, it includes laws and regulations governing relations between service providers and users and ensuring fairness, transparency and recourse rights. Second, it requires an effective enforcement mechanism including dispute resolution. Third, it includes promotion of financial literacy and capability by helping users of financial services to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to manage their finances. The recent crisis highlighted shortcomings in the existing consumer protection frameworks in high income countries and prompted a number of broad-ranging reforms. The crisis also made apparent the low levels of financial capability among users of financial services in developed countries. . 3 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1. To analyze the problems and challenges facing financial consumer protection in Kenya. 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objective of this study is: 1. To establish the importance of financial consumer protection especially in Kenya. 2. Provide information on financial consumer protection. 3. Suggest ways of improving and dealing with financial consumer protection. 4. Suggest ways of creating awareness of financial cons umer protection. 5. Estimate the relative use of different service providers by Kenyan financial consumers, so as to focus the analysis on the most important players and issues. 6. To establish Protection against deceptive and unfair trade practices. 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR HYPOTHESIS 1. What are factors affecting financial consumer protection? 2. What is the level of financial literacy in Kenya? 3. What are the ways of improving financial consumer protection? 4. What is the extent of financial consumer awareness and education? 5. What are the challenges facing financial consumer awareness? . What are trends in the financial sector? 1. 6 JUSTIFICATION It is quite evident that there are challenges facing financial consumers, the existing laws are in adequate for consumer protection and policies and laws need to be put in place to ensure: 1) Physical protection of the consumer. 2) Protection against deceptive and unfair trade practices. 3) Protection against all types of pollution. 4) Protection agains t the abuse of monopoly position and/or restrictive trade practices. 5) Protection of enjoying the financial consumer rights. . 0 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This literature review focuses on existing academic literature on financial consumer protection,consumer information, financial literacy and financial education. Existing academic literature on financial consumer protection spans law and economics, but is rather limited. One strand of literature derives from behavioral economics and is closely linked to financial literacy. Behavioral economics has often been used to examine consumer behavior and the reasons behind certain consumer choices. This strand of literature acknowledges that the approach of standard models in economics that is, rational consumers and competitive markets may not always hold in actuality. In the financial sector specifically, some studies have argued that consumers are subject to certain behavioral biases, including vulnerability to marketing such as being likely to take up offers that are framed in simple terms. Consumers may not be well-informed, they can get confused when they are presented with many alternatives, and can eventually make systematic mistakes, which could be exploited by providers. In this regard, even well-established and efficient disclosure requirements may not be sufficient. Hence they suggest developing financial market regulations based on behavioral models in which the underlying reasons of certain decisions by the households are investigated, rather than modeling the way in which rational households should make their decisions. Campbell (2006) suggests the use of financial literacy as an avenue of remedy, in addition to well-designed financial consumer protection regulations. Elliehausen (2010) argues that the results of behavioral research could be useful in designing effective regulations in the credit market. These research findings highlight the importance of financial literacy and disclosure requirements in mitigating information asymmetries in the market for financial products and services. The key challenge for the applied research going forward is to identify effective forms for disclosure. For credit products, evidence suggests that disclosing loan terms to customers can help reduce borrowing costs. Despite their importance, there is no universally accepted set of disclosure requirements (i. e. , which terms and conditions are to be disclosed and when, how information should be presented, etc. One approach used to address this issue is through a standardized format in which information is disclosed to consumers, which often includes plain language requirements. Other studies (Collins et al. , 2009, and FSD-Kenya, 2009) support this claim. For example, consumers prefer and better understand when they are quoted the dollar amount of payments and the number of months it will take them to pay off the loan, instead of the details of compounding. However, certain products are necessarily more complex and will require more information to be disclosed, though in the absence of financial iteracy, it is unlikely that this complex information will be understood by the consumer. Unfortunately systematic data on the levels of financial literacy and awareness of financial concepts remains limited. Policy papers focusing on the review of consumer protection and financial literacy indicate that there is no one-size-fits-all approach when it comes to designing consumer protection and financial literacy policy. Financial literacy is low among the poor, especially in developing countries. There is evidence that individuals lack even the understanding of interest rates (Porteous, 2009; FSD-Kenya, 2009). In this respect, providing financial education to the poor to raise their financial capability and establishing better consumer financial protection regulations may turn out to be a better option. Indeed, there is evidence that disclosure requirements lowered microfinance interest rates significantly in countries with competitive microfinance markets. Financial literacy programs and disclosure requirements alone are not sufficient for ensuring good financial consumer protection regulations that correct for information asymmetries and market failures. Regardless of financial literacy levels, service providers, if left unchecked, often have incentives to take advantage of information asymmetries and adopt unfair selling practices that allow for quick and large gains in profits. Hence, fair treatment provisions are also of importance in this regard. While all of these are, in general, aimed at correcting the information asymmetries in the market for financial products and services, another aspect of financial consumer protection is the existence and accessibility of third-party recourse mechanisms. There is not much written on fair treatment practices and recourse mechanisms in the academic literature. The policy paper by Brix and McKee (2010), however, considers these two issues in the context of low-access environments. Brix and McKee (2010) caution the policymakers that fair treatment provisions should be designed in such a way so as not to deter access to financial services. They also suggest starting with a discussion of standards for internal dispute resolution mechanisms, which is more widely feasible than third-party recourse mechanisms. Two recent papers are particularly relevant for our research presented here. Rutledge (2010) provides a detailed analysis of financial consumer protection in banks and non-bank financial institutions in nine countries in Europe and Central Asia. In these transition economies, financial services have developed rapidly in recent years, presenting unique challenges. 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 INTRODUCTION In research design, there are two major methods of research. These are qualitative research and quantitative research. In quantitative research the aim is to determine the relationship between one thing (an independent variable) and another (a dependent or outcome variable) in a population. Quantitative research designs are either descriptive (subjects usually measured once) or experimental (subjects measured before and after a treatment). For an accurate estimate of the relationship between variables, a descriptive study usually needs a sample of hundreds or even thousands of subjects; an experiment, especially a survey, may need only tens of subjects. The estimate of the relationship is less likely to be biased if you have a high participation rate in a sample selected randomly from a population. In surveys, bias is also less likely if subjects are randomly assigned to treatments, and if subjects and researchers are blind to the identity of the treatments. In my esearch quantitative research method is implemented. Surveys are to be used to gather information from various sources. 3. 2 RESEARCH DESIGN The research design to be used in this study is a survey design. Direct consumer surveys and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) are to be used in the study to understand consumers’ own perceptions of their experience with different products and providers. 3. 3 SAMPLING The survey method is to be used in this study. A random sample of financial consumers and financial service providers and stakeholders are to be selected. 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION Data is to be collected using a semi-structured questionnaire served on respondents through drop and pick methods. The method was chosen because of time and cost. The exercise is to obtain core information and supplementary information is to be obtained through further probing of the respondents and by reading relevant publications of financial consumers and various markets such as capital and money markets. Face-to-face interviews with regulators, supervisory staff, financial service providers and their industry associations, consumer advocacy organizations and researchers is also to be used to collect data. Desk research on relevant laws, regulations, codes of conduct, institutions, and previous reports and research is to be used in collection of data. . 5 DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is to be conducted using Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. Editing is to be undertaken before data analysis. It will involve Identification of relevant experiences from other countries, with a particular focus on measures to improve transparency, fair treatment, recourse, and consumer awareness and financial education. The analysis will also examine the interaction of financial sector laws and regulations with cross-cutting laws and regulations (e. g. , to promote competition or consumer protection across the entire economy) in different jurisdictions. 4. 0 FINDINGS Mass market financial services are growing at an impressive rate in Kenya, generating significant benefits for lower income consumers. Driving this expansion is a broad array of financial service providers. The financial sector regulators provide some consumer protections to the clients of regulated institutions, but such provisions vary by financial institution type and are incomplete and inconsistent across the market as a whole. There is no general or market wide consumer protection law or authority, and therefore users of informal financial service providers – 65% of the population lack legal protection entirely. As a result of the absence of an entity with market-wide jurisdiction, a comprehensive Kenyan approach to financial consumer protection and recourse has yet to find footing in policy or practice. A growing body of evidence from consumer research in Kenya suggests that the welfare of consumers is compromised by the lack of effective price disclosure and dispute resolution mechanisms, and by abusive practices. The findings of this confirm a wide range of practice around disclosure of the prices and conditions of different financial services. For example, loan prices are quoted using a bewildering array of pricing formulas. The large number and type of added fees and commissions adds to the confusion for consumers, especially those new to formal finance. The report addresses these variations in practice in detail, by financial service sector (e. g. , mobile payment service providers, banks, SACCOs, etc. ). The findings draw attention to the particular importance of improved transparency in mass market financial services. Financial services are inherently more complex than most goods or other, more tangible services. On the supply side, providers do not always provide clear information about their products through from the initial marketing and sales process to actual delivery of the service. On the demand side, many consumers that are new to formal finance and are challenged to learn a very different set of rules and structures from those used by the informal arrangements with which they are familiar. They find it difficult to comprehend the prices, key terms and conditions, and all the other details of formal contracts. This demand-side challenge is exacerbated when more than half of mass market consumers have limited numeracy skills. In these circumstances, consistent and effective disclosure is a necessary preventive measure. It can reduce up-front the types of confusion that can easily lead to problems – problems such as misunderstandings about prices, consequences of late payments, or conditions for payment of insurance claims. Standardisation of wording and formats also merits further investigation. When financial access is growing rapidly, as in Kenya, consumers should be able to learn a single set of rules of the game, rather than having to wrestle with different disclosure formats for different providers and products. 4. 0 SCHEDULE Prepare proposal by:1 Nov Complete literature review by:7 Nov Complete fieldwork by:15 Nov Complete analysis by: 1 Dec Give presentation on:3 Dec Complete final report by: 10 Jan 5. 0 CONCLUSION This analysis will present the first step in a systematic assessment of financial consumer protection across a large set of countries. Further refinements in methodology are necessary to better capture the effectiveness of the implementation of the existing financial consumer protection regulations. More importantly, a greater focus by regulators on monitoring compliance and collecting data on consumer complaints and on how they are resolved can help inform public policy. Regulatory impact assessments at the country level, including the impact on the users of financial services, as well as on the cost to financial institutions, are also an important component in determining the most effective approaches to ensuring fair and transparent retail financial markets. 6. 0 RECOMMENDATIONS The key recommendations to improve consumer protection for mass-market financial consumers in Kenya relate to the following areas: 1. Financial consumer awareness and education will be a critical component of any consumer protection regime in Kenya. 2. Regulations that clarify provider liability and responsibility for oversight of third party agents who play a role in the delivery of services. 3. Minimum requirements for provider-level recourse and dispute resolution mechanisms. 4. Putting in place a cross-market consumer protection that will yield another important benefit. It will facilitate consumers learning a single set of rules as the basis for their interaction with financial services providers. 5. The authority can enforce consumer protection regulation across the entire financial market and thereby cover the clients of otherwise unregulated providers. 7. 0 REFERENCES 1. FSD-Kenya (2009). Definition of a Standard Measure for Consumer Interest Rates in Kenya: A Scoping Study, Nairobi: Kenya. [http://www. fsdkenya. org] 2. Nelson, Candace and Angela Wambugu. (August 2008). Financial Education in Kenya. Nairobi: FSD-Kenya. 3. Capital Markets (Licensing Requirements) (General) (Amendment) Regulations, 2007 for Demutualization of the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) that include an explicit requirement to protect investors. 4. Brix, Laura, and Katharine McKee. (2009). Consumer Protection Regulation in Low-Access Environments: Opportunities to Promote Responsible Finance. Focus Note 60. Washington, D. C. : CG

Leibnizs theory of truth

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was one of the most celebrated thinkers and philosophers in Western thought in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. His work included studies and concepts in mathematics, ethics, theology, physics and most importantly-logic. His theories on the conceptions of truth and reason remain key pillars on theoretical studies to this day.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leibniz’s theory of truth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since time immemorial, human beings have always been interested in knowing the conceptions behind human knowledge, intelligence, reality and truth. Plato himself was very concerned about the nature of these qualities in his study of logic (or analytics). However, the containment theory of truth by Leibniz remains a popular view of the nature of truth. According to Leibniz, truth is a product of two factors- a predicate and a subject. Leibniz theorize s that the truth about an individual’s quality is derived from the concept of the individual itself (Zalta 2). The simple version of the theory is that a predicate is true because of the existence of the subject. This means that any statement can be true since one only needs to relate the two individual aspects that form the predicate and subject. For example, when one makes a statement that ‘ this essay was written by a man, the subject here will be the man and the predicate is the act of writing. For this statement to be true, the writing must have been done by a man according to the speaker. Therefore once predicate and subject are linked, the statement becomes true without any attempt to rationalize it in terms of external correlatives. ‘S’ is ‘P’ is a general summary of the theory of truth; where ‘S’ is the subject and ‘P’ is the predicate. Leibniz (a) states that even for those statements that are not naturally i n the form of ‘S’ is ‘P’ could be restated to align themselves to the theory (226). Dorian gives a very good example, â€Å"Pam is writing this essay at 10:21 a.m. on November 9, 2009. This statement is true because writing this essay at this exact moment is part of the definition of Pam. That is, it is part of my essence as Pam to be writing this paper at this exact point in time. In this sense, writing this paper right now (predicate) is contained in the definition of me (subject)† (3). Leibniz goes further as to state that even for statements that show relationship or interconnection, they can be restated in a manner that shows that they refer to the subject and its inherent qualities.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore in a statement where Peter is older than John, the truth about Peter’s superior age continues to stand regardless of the fact that John exists or does not exist. Dorian finds this to be a ‘strange concept’ since it fails to give credence to the existence of extrinsic factors that could also influence the truth (3). From Leibniz’s theory of truth, various inferences can be drawn as to physical and metaphysical aspects. First, Leibniz (a) states that â€Å"nothing is without reason† (226). This is what is generally regarded as the Principle of Sufficient reason without which Leibniz (b) states that â€Å"the universe would not make any sense, and science and philosophy both would be impossible(66).† The Principle of Sufficient reason augments Leibniz’s theory of truth since if there existed something without a cause then there would be no link between â€Å"S† and â€Å"P† and the theory of truth would come to naught. Therefore Leibniz holds that all things whether physical or metaphysical have a sufficient reason for their existence whether kn own to man or not. Several interesting inferences can then be drawn from Leibniz’s school of thought. First, he seems to be advocating for a deterministic view of the world (Leibniz (c) 23). Since no two finite things can interact to bring cause i.e. since cause in itself is inherent in the subject, the only logical discourse that can be drawn from the theory is that God is the author of all things past, present and future. This means that there is what Dorian terms as ‘pre-established harmony’ in things (4). It thus follows that our view of the world as events happening in ‘real time’ is not a reality since they have already been scripted and are happening parallel to each other. Using the theory of truth, the only logical reason for this is that the mind and the body cannot also relate causally. Since all truths are thus a priori, vacuums and empty spaces do not exist. Additionally, the theory that atoms can exist in a free state is not true due to the indivisibility of matter. Each particle in matter has its own complex world and there is no simplicity in any being. Leibniz’s theory also dismisses the existence of space and states that it is an idea. This statement puts into doubt the existence of geometry and other ‘material-based’ studies. All kinds of materiality are also dismissed and there is infinity in matter. In short, Leibniz’s theory of truth eventually becomes extremely rationalist and shuns all kinds of empirical thought.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leibniz’s theory of truth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What bears most significance in Leibniz’s theory of truth is that the truth is already existent within the subject. Since there is no relation and causality between things, then naturally, it flows that God is the only cause. It means that He not only created the world as an infinite system, he also guides the intelligence and knowledge of the truth. In Leibniz’s (b) own words; â€Å"Now it is obvious that all true predication has some foundation in the nature of things, and when a proposition is not identical, that is to say when the predicate is not expressly included in the subject, it must be virtually included in it. This being so, we can say that the nature of an individual substance or of a complete being is to have a notion so complete that it is sufficient to include, and to allow the deduction of, all the predicates of the subject to which that notion is attributed† (8). The theory of truth and that of sufficient reason represent a one sided view of the nature of the world and the existence of truth and knowledge. Many critics have dismissed Leibniz’s work as being too ‘rationalist’ or too ‘religious’. Other scholars such as Hume have even come up with extremely opposite views instead focusing on the empirical and ig noring the rational (Dorian 7). Another argument has been that the theory of sufficient reason is a result of human imagination and things are actually not connected and where they are, it is random and coincidental. However, all this criticism cannot take away the fact that Leibniz’s work laid the foundation for modern theorists such as Immanuel Kant, whose theories are more widely celebrated. Works Cited Dorian, Pam. On the Nature of Truth: A comparative essay on Leibniz’ containment theory of truth and Hume’s distinction between ‘relations of ideas’ and ‘matters of fact. 11 Aug 2009. Web. www.personal.psu.edu/ped127/blogs/†¦e†¦/PHIL%20202%20PAPER.docx Leibniz, Gofffried (a). New Essays on Human Understanding (Edited and translated by Remnant and Bennett). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leibniz, Gofffried (b). Theodicy (Edited by Farrer, translated by Huggard). London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1951. Print. Leibniz, Gofffried (c). The Correspondence with Clarke (Edited by Alexander). Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1956. Print. Zalta, Edward. (Leibnizian) Theory of Concepts. Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy, 3 (2000): 137-183. Print. This essay on Leibniz’s theory of truth was written and submitted by user Fiona Burris to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.