Effects On Ocean And Coastal Environments Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate alteration is impacting the planet including coastal and ocean environments in a figure of ways. The impacts are non merely related to increasing temperatures but besides due to for illustration lessening in PH, sea degree rise and altered forms of and strength of air currents and storms.These phenomena have impacts on the ecosystem and a figure of economic activities including the maritime industry. The Oceans cover about 72 % of the Earth surface and provides a great and varied life infinite for countless species and Acts of the Apostless as the driving force over clime and conditions stages, specially on heat and fresh water. In add-on, these mass of H2O offer a profitable resourse for people through fishing activities, development of minerals, transportation, defence and leisure activities. ( Field et al, 2009 ) .Coastal zones form the outer boundary of the coastal sphere. Almost 60 % of people of universe population lives here taking advantage of its natural resourses. ( Field et al, 2009 ) . Due to over population of these countries, such ecosystems are now in danger and demand to be protected for future coevalss. Maritime conveyance carries over 80 % of universe trade by volume and surely it is non isolated from clime alterations ; the type, scope and magnitude of impacts vary harmonizing to local conditions, transit systems, designs and policies, every bit good as the cap acity to accommodate and minimise the costs. ( UNCTAD, 2009 ) Climate alteration is doing great concern in publicA?s heads, going one of the most warmest issues in the docket of governmental establishments, international and environmental organisations around the Earth. Then, it is necessary that certain preventative and disciplinary steps must be taken in order to get by with the damaging effects of clime alteration so as to guarantee that natural resoursess will be so for future coevalss. A civilization of free pollution, preservation of natural resourses must be develop around the planet and among young person. Therefore, this paper will depict the impacts of clime alteration on the planet concentrating on coastal and oceans countries. Its basic physical, chemical and biological phenomena and eventually will discourse the challenges and chances for the maritime industry. The function of oceans in the clime procedure This immense mass of H2O dramas an indispensable function in the clime procedure. They non merely influence clime but besides are linked to the ambiance by: Heat storage Transportation system of heat around the planet Vaporization Freezing and thowing in polar parts Gas storage and exchange Due to these functions, it can be notice that they are indispensable and it is necessary to take attention of them decently for the well-being of future coevalss. However, the world on behalf prosperity have been presenting new engineerings which have resulted in damaging effects for the planet. The most worring topic is the heating of the planetary ambiance. This takes topographic point when several gases are trapped in the ambiance and barricade the flower stalk of the earthA?s radiation to infinite. ( Edgerton, 1991 ) . Despite the fact that this action is a natural phenomenon, the invariably human actions increases the effects of clime alteration. Climate alteration and its effects on the ocean Oceans are in continual equilibrium with regard the degrees of CO2 and heat with the ambiance. Any fluctuation in regard of the measure of each of them in the ambiance will inevitable lead to alterations in the oceans as good. Therefore, the increase of these two factors makes the physical and chemical belongingss of oceans to change. There are five effects of clime alteration on the ocean which will be described in the undermentioned paragraphs, effects such as heater oceans, thaw of the poles, lifting sea degrees, alterations to the oceanA?s current systems and ocean acidification. Ocean acidification is one of the effects derived from clime alteration. Consecuently as oceans have dissolved inorganic C in three different signifiers: Bicarbonate, carbonate and C dioxide when oceans absorb CO2 from the ambiance in immense or inordinate sums due to the human action, the degree of CO2 in H2O additions doing H2O more acidic. ( Union of Concerned scientists, 2011 ) . This growing of CO2 reduces the sum of carbonate ions in H2O. Therefore, prevents coral reefs and shelled marine animate beings like plankton who need carbonate ions, to organize calcium hydroxide that composes their skeletons and shells. These alterations endangers the marine chemical science in add-on, acidification can besides impact ocean natural philosophies by cut downing the capableness of sound soaking up and leting sound to go much further. Both vegetations and zoologies are in danger due to acerb H2O, tropical reef edifice corals, cold H2O corals, molluscs and lobsters. As mentioned before oceans has the ability to storage heat. Then, climate alteration may do oceans to storage randomly heat and consequence in heater oceans, which make H2O expands and do ocean surface rise. In add-on, the thaw of inland glaciers, Continental ice sheets and polar ice besides contribute to sea degree rise which have sound effects on conditions conditions by increasing the frecuency of implosion therapies and storms. Detriment of sea ice consequences in the loss of natural home ground of several species like seals, seahorses, polar bear, penguins and besides affects the antartic home ground of the antartic krill which composes the bottom portion of the nutrient web. Furthermore, the warming oceans reinforce utmost conditions phenomenas such as hurricanes and typhoons flooring Marine ecosystems and people around the universe that depend on them to last. Phenomenas like coral bleaching, migration of species, alterations in behavior and in development of certain species a nd its sexual adulthood are atempting to the normal operation of marine ecosystems. Ocean major current systems may see alterations every bit good. These currents are driven by the interactions among different H2O multitudes and between these multitudes and the ambiance. ( Talley et al, 2009 ) . Ocean circulations are really complex and can go in different waies depending on how deep you look in the ocean, but the chief beginning that drives all ocean circulations is the energy from the Sun ( air current and ocean denseness ) . Temperature and salt are the chief features of pelagic H2O, alterations in salt concentration at the ocean surface affect the weight of surface Waterss. Fresh H2O is light and floats on the surface, while salty H2O is heavy and sinks. Both, salt and temperature determine saltwater denseness and opposition, driving the extent of ocean stratification, commixture, and H2O mass formation. Then harmonizing to Manabe and Stouffer 1993 ; Stocker and Schmittner 1997. As the ambiance warms, alterations in the Polar Regions cause surface Waterss to go heater and freshman. Such a alteration could hold important impacts on regional clime systems, including new current, air current, and precipitation forms ; increased ocean stratification ( and the associated hinderances to perpendicular H2O motion ) ; and changes to upwelling and downwelling. There are oceansA?ecosystems which can be extremely affected by clime alteration. A good illustration is the marine nutrient web composed chiefly by plankton, seals, giants, sharks, tunas and worlds. Foods travel through oceans from bugs to giants ground for why alterations in any portion of the nutrient web can do dropping effects that modify full Marine ecosystems. Besides decresed upwelling because of warmer multitudes of H2O agencies that fewer foods from lower in the H2O column will do it to the surface. Warming temperatures cause migration of Marine species, due to the rise in temperature in tropic countries some species are obliged to travel towards the poles. In add-on, these species may stand for a hazard for new ecosystems since they become invasive species. Harmonizing to old paragraphs, Climate alteration is the consequence of human intercession and causes several effects on the ocean which can impact its physical and chemical features every bit good as the marine ecosystem. Some of these effects are irreversible and can take ages to reconstruct them ; moreover, the purpose of international organisations every bit good as governmental 1s is to seek and happen the best manner to continue natural resources for future coevalss. Climate alteration and its effects in coastal countries Coastal countries are non the exclusion of the effects of sea degree rise, in fact deltas, barrier islands, Rhizophora mangles, wetlands and stuaries every bit good as coral reefs will be affected. Some of these are natural protections against terrible storms forestalling amendss to the coastal ecosystems and homo made installations. Coral reefs back up several species and supply shelter and nutrient to all of them, doing a extremely rich Marine ecosystem. Peoples besides take advantage of its fishing and touristry, besides, coral constructions serve as a natural barriers from unsafe ocean storms. Additions in planetary sea surface temperature imply that coral reef thermic thresholds will be exceeded more often and this is projected to ensue in more frequent and more intense coral bleaching events and subsequent widespread mortality. ( Herr and Galland, 2009 ) Climate alteration and hence anthropogenetic nursery emanations affect coral reefs by doing seawater chemical science alterations, temperature addition, and low-lying rise. Besides, opprobrious fishing, pollution and invasive species increases the hazard of danger. Lower ocean PH and changed carbonate chemical science would diminish the calcification necessary for constructing coral reef stuff. ( Kennedy, et Al. 2002 ) . Higher temperatures produces coral bleaching and even mortality. And in those coral reefs near coastal countries the sea degree rise may increase coastal eroding so corrupting H2O quality and forestalling light incursion which means that it will be more hard for algaes to bring forth photosynthesis. If coral reefs disapears it will make besides the biodiversity, piscaries and recreational activities will be surely be affected. Harmonizing to Kennedy, et Al. ( 2002 ) In salt fen and mangrove home grounds, low-lying rise may submerse wetlands, waterlog dirts, and cause works decease from salt emphasis. Most wetland home grounds can last low-lying rise by migrating inland to countries of diminishing tidal flood along undeveloped ( by worlds ) shores with comparatively soft inclines. Wetland fens are of import subscribers to the biological productiveness of coastal systems and map as baby's rooms and as safeties from marauders for commercially of import shellfish and fish and for birds like some tracks, chumps, and terns. Rising sea degrees will ab initio increase entree to marsh surfaces by fish and invertebrates, possibly increasing their production in the short term ( e.g. , Gulf of Mexico runt crops ) . Estuaries are semi-enclosed multitudes of H2O in which fresh water and saltwater mix if alterations happens in fresh water tey will ensue in fluctuations in the estuary ‘s salt, accordingly those beings who permantely live at that place have to accommodate themselves to such variableness. In add-on, these multitudes of H2O symbolize great chances for activities such as fishing. Worlds activities contributes to the bulnerability of islands which even a little rise in sea degree can do those barrier islands move toward the mainland through a procedure of beach eroding on their seaward border, overwash of deposit across the island during storms, and deposition of the scoured deposit in the quieter Waterss of the inland bay. The rate of this natural migration depends mostly on the rate of low-lying rise, and besides on the frequence and badness of storms and hurricanes. ( Kennedy, et Al. 2002 ) . Climate alteration, challenges and chances for the maritime industry To get down with, the term maritime industry involves non merely the shiping of certain lading to an specific port, in fact it includes a broad scope of activities for illustration designing of ships, building, runing age-related macular degeneration mantaining of ships, services such as stevedoring every bit good as transportation and cargo forwarding services. Then, in the epoch of clime alteration public concern about GHG emmissions released by transporting industry is deriving more and more attending and requires nautical industry and international organisations to take action. Presently, planetary action about stabilising GHG emanations at manageable degrees implies a great challenge and calls for new engineering, energy efficiency and finance to be revised and invested. International cooperation among scientists and applied scientists, international organizarions and policymakers are needed in order to lucubrate equal ordinances. At present, nautical industry is confronting two chief challenges sing Climate Change: to cut down its part to planetary heating to accommodate to the impacts of clime alteration The manner maritime industry contributes with planetary heating is through transporting industry which carries more than 80 % of planetary trade. Maritime conveyance is responsible for 3,3 % of planetary CO2 emanations from fuel ingestion. ( IMO, 2009 ) . Due to its profitableness and efficiency ships tend to be constructed in big measures and bigger than of all time earlier. What in simple words means that the part to planetary warming done by GHG emanations from ships will increase excessively. The decrease of GHG emanations from ships represents a challenge for the industry, because transportation is already, by far the most carbon-efficiency manner of commercial conveyance particularly when compares to aviation, but besides when compares to trains and trucks ( IMO, 2009 ) The chief challenge here is to cut GHG emanations from international transportation without sabotaging development aims, and without endangering conveyance efficiency and trade facilitation additions ( UNCTAD, 2009 ) . The maritime conveyance have to face besides the impacts of Climate Change such as lifting sea degree, utmost conditions and lifting temperatures. The industry is increasing at higher degrees than of all time before and if things continue without a regulative legal model, likely we will be confronting an increase of 150 % – 250 % in the GHG from transporting around 2050 ( IMO, 2009 ) . In order to pollute less ships have to decelerate down the velocity, since high velocity requires more ingestion of sand trap fuel. The fuel used in transporting comes from crude oil which is extremely pollutant for the environment. However, as transporting represents one of the major manners of conveyance of the Earth and carries about 90 % of universe trade, the thought of slow down the velocity will ensue in less diligence of the shipper in presenting the lading, what will likely ensue in a loss of possible clients. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) trades with climate alteration issues but does non turn to GHG emanations from international transportation. For this ground, the International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) was encouraged to make so. Then in order to get by with this affair the IMO has developed some steps, the cutting-edge is the IMO Resolution MEPC 203 ( 62 ) adopted on 15th July 2011. This Resolution adds a new chapter at the terminal of Annex VI of MARPOL that leads with â€Å" Regulations for Energy Efficiency for Ships † which establishes that an â€Å" Energy Efficiency Design Index ( EEDI ) † will be compulsory for all new ships, every bit good as a â€Å" Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan ( SEEMP ) † will be compulsory for all ships as a portion of the â€Å" Ship Safety Management System ( SMS ) † . Harmonizing to the UNFCCC convention ( 2009 ) : aˆÂ ¦ topographic points a heavier load on developed states to cut down GHG emanations under the rule of â€Å" common but differentiated duties † . While developing states are non bound by any specified emanation decrease marks, by 2000 developed states had to cut down their GHG emanations to 1990 degrees. They are besides required to advance and ease the transportation of climate-friendly engineerings to developing states and to states with economic systems in passage. In simple words, developed states should assist developing states in cut downing GHG emanations by supplying them with all the engineering necessary to avoid pollution. The international community have proposed new thoughts and possible steps to cut down GHG emanations, for illustration â€Å" Global emanation trading strategy † and the â€Å" Global levy on international maritime fuel † ( IMO, 2012 ) . The former one, implies the buying of allowances which shippers will hold to subject harmonizing to the GHG that they create. Hence, shippers will hold the pick of either to cut down their emanations or buy their decreases from other sectors. The latter one, implies that when ship operators buy the fuel, some revenue enhancement will be added to its monetary value, that revenue enhancement will be used for investing in new friendly- engineerings. The challenge of cut down or cut GHG emanations from ships have lead to new engineerings to be considered as the posible solution to the issue of Climate alteration, which means that in order to integrate that new engineering into ships it will necessitate more investing in the portion of shipowners in order to follow with the new international steps. New ships with advanced engineering, wholly environmentaly friendly will be a great chance for the transportation industry. Other possible solution from the proficient point of position and a great challenge besides, is cut down fossil fuels ingestion and increase efficiency. And from the operational point of position, betterments in the velocity direction and the efficient of the ships through a better planning of the ocean trip classs. Decisions Climate alteration affects coastal and ocean environments in many different ways. But non merely these are the 1s affected, besides the maritime industry is reached by the effects of clime alteration. Global clime alteration is predicted to impact air and H2O temperatures, low-lying rise, precipitation, air current forms, and the frequence and strength of storms. Changes in temperature can act upon reproduction, growing and can do some species to migrate to other ecosystems. In coastal countries, fens and Rhizophora mangles are of import subscribers to the biological productiveness of coastal systems are bulnerable to sea degree rise. Coral reefs are at peculiar hazard from planetary clime alteration since alterations in carbonate chemical science could decrease the copiousness of microscopic open-ocean workss and animate beings that build Ca carbonate constructions. The maritime industry has to confront two challenges in this epoch, to cut down its part to planetary heating and to accommodate to the impacts of clime alteration. The possibilities are to cut down fuel ingestion without losing efficiency and adopting and bettering new ways of planning ocean trips. However, both nautical industry and international organisations have to collaborate and work together to carry through the same end, which is no less than protect the environment and cut down in this instance GHG emanations.

Is beauty best? Highs versus normally attractive models in advertising Essay

Abstract (Summary) Several studies investigating the positive effects of including highly attractive models (HAMs) in advertising have failed to unilaterally support their use. A study explores the differential effects of pairing highly versus normally attractive models with different types of attractiveness-relevant products. Contrary to past research, the results suggest that HAMs are not the most effective choice for all categories of attractiveness-relevant products. The research also explores the method by which the match between model attractiveness and product type influences advertising effectiveness. Results suggest that a match between a model and a product improves ad effectiveness not necessarily through the elicitation of product arguments from model appearance, but instead by heightening perceptions of the model’s expertise about the product.  » Jump to indexing (document details) Full Text (7266 words) Copyright American Academy of Advertising Spring 2001 [Headnote] Several studies investigating the positive effects of including highly attractive models (HAMs) in advertising have failed to unilaterally support their use. This paper explores the differential effects of pairing highly versus normally attractive models with different types of attractiveness-relevant products. Contrary to past research (Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1990), the results suggest that HAMS are not the most effective choice for all categories of attractiveness-relevant products. This research also explores the method by which the match between model attractiveness and product type influences advertising effectiveness. Results suggest that a match between a model and a product improves ad effectiveness not necessarily through the elicitation of product arguments from model appearance, but instead by heightening perceptions of the model’s expertise about the product. The inconsistent support for the use of highly attractive models (HAMs) in advertising has led one group of researchers to state that â€Å"physical attractiveness seems to have been granted greater influence than can be supported empirically† (Caballero, Lumpkin, and Madden 1989, p. 21). To better understand these inconsistencies, researchers have explored the importance of a convergence between the product and the message communicated by a model’s image, that is, a model-product type match-up (e. g. , Baker and Churchill 1977; Caballero and Solomon 1984; Joseph 1982; Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1990; Park and Young 1986; Peterson and Kerin 1977). Although prior research has argued that HAMs are most effectively matched with attractiveness-relevant products (e. g., Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1990; Peterson and Kerin 1977), the mixed results from HAM-attractiveness-relevant product match-ups may be because there are different types of attractiveness-relevant products (Bloch and Richins 1992) that may not all be appropriate for use with highly attractive people. Furthermore, much of the past model-product type match-up research has tended to compare HAMs with unattractive models (e. g. , Caballero and Solomon 1984; Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1990) instead of considering more realistic, normally attractive models (NAMs) as counterpoints. The sparse use of unattractive people in advertising (Caballero and Solomon 1984) and the greater usage of NAMs suggest comparing HAMs with NAMs is more ecologically valid. The purpose of the present research is two-fold. First, the different attractiveness-relevant product types (Bloch and Richins 1992) are incorporated into the model-product type match-up literature, and the types of attractiveness-relevant products that are most effectively paired with HAMs or NAMs are delineated. Because beautiful people may be perceived as having better lives that are free of the problems of normal people (Dion, Berscheid, and Walster 1972; Kanner 1994), advertisements for problem-solving attractiveness-relevant products may be more effective if the models are normal looking. Second, this research attempts to determine whether model-product type match-ups influence ad effectiveness either directly, through the elicitation of product arguments from the picture, or indirectly, through his or her perceived credibility. Previous research has explored the effect of model-product type match-up on perceptions of model credibility (Kamins 1990; Maddux and Rogers 1980), product evaluations, purchase intentions, or other measures of ad effectiveness (Caballero, Lumpkin, and Madden 1989; Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1990). However, the relationship between spokesperson credibility and ad effectiveness (i. e. , product evaluations, purchase intentions) has not been explored under match-up conditions. Literature Review Highly Versus Normally Attractive Models The appearances of HAMs are both idealized and unrealistic and have been called â€Å"haunting images of perfection† (Richins 1991, p. 71). The elements of HAM beauty include a beautiful facial appearance (Richins 1991), as well as thinness (Striegel-Moore, Silberstein, and Rodin 1986). Contrary to these icons of flawlessness, â€Å"normal† attractiveness is defined here as a more average or moderate weight, height, and facial beauty, that is, more representative of a â€Å"real† woman. Normally attractive models are considered attractive but not beautiful in the idealized manner of HAMs. An important difference between HAMs and NAMs is in the attributions made about each. Highly attractive models tend to be associated with the â€Å"what is beautiful is good† stereotype, in that beautiful people are believed to have more positive life outcomes (e. g. , more successful careers, better marriages) and not suffer from the problems of â€Å"normal† people (Dion, Berscheid, and Walster 1972; Kanner 1994; Walster et al. 1966). Whereas NAMs are considered to be somewhat attractive, they are perceived to be normal people to whom these more positive life outcomes are not attributed. Problem-Solving Versus Enhancing Products Attractiveness-relevant product types are introduced into the match-up literature to delineate not only those that are best paired with HAMs, but also those that may be best paired with NAMs. A major distinction that can be drawn between types of attractiveness-relevant products is whether the product is associated with a potentially problematic area of life and appearance (Bloch and Richins 1992). One group of attractiveness-relevant products (called problem-solving products) serves to fix or hide beauty liabilities or flaws such as acne or dandruff. Other products (called enhancing products) serve more aesthetic purposes by enhancing beauty (e. g. , jewelry, lipstick, perfume) instead of masking defects. Enhancing products either may be inherently beautiful (e. g. , jewelry) or may enhance beauty through their application to the user (e. g. , lipstick). Regardless of their method of enhancing beauty though, the use of enhancing products is not catalyzed by the existence of a beauty problem. A product’s classification depends on whether the product-related body attribute is perceived positively or negatively (e. g. , a consumer may use mascara either to thicken puny eyelashes or to enhance beautiful eyes). Advantages of Normally Attractive Models? Prior research suggests that the match-up between product type and model beauty may be more important than the models attractiveness alone and that a NAM may sometimes be more effective. Kahle and Homer (1985) demonstrate that a â€Å"well-matched† celebrity endorser for an attractiveness-relevant product should be physically attractive (versus unattractive) to convey information about the quality and benefits of that product. Kamins (1990) findings also indicate that physically attractive (versus unattractive) celebrities are best matched with attractiveness-relevant (versus irrelevant) products. Although these findings do not take into account the advantages of NAMs or recognize the important distinctions between different kinds of attractiveness-relevant product types, both Kahle and Homer (1985) and Kamins (1990) support the importance of matching spokesperson image with product characteristics. Similarly, Baker and Churchill (1977) find that when the product is related to romance (e. g., perfume), men had higher purchase intentions when the female model was attractive. However, when the product was unrelated to romance (e. g. , coffee), male subjects indicated greater purchase intent if the model was less attractive. In a study by Caballero and Solomon (1984), more tissues were purchased when they were paired with an unattractive (versus attractive) model. Although the authors proposed that this response was due to the unusual (for advertising) and perhaps more noticeable nature of the model, an alternative explanation may be that an unattractive appearance may be more convergent with sickness. Consumers may not perceive the HAM as suffering from such mundane problems as an illness that requires tissues, whereas the less attractive model’s more realistic appearance may have made her a more credible spokesperson. HAM Versus NAM Match- Ups Some of the research investigating model-product type match-ups has assessed match-up effectiveness by measuring spokesperson credibility (Kamins 1990; Maddux and Rogers 1980). Two components of spokesperson credibility typically recognized are source expertise and trustworthiness. Expertise refers to the perceived ability of a source to make valid claims, whereas trustworthiness pertains to the believed willingness of the spokesperson to make those claims (Hovland, Janis, and Kelley 1953; Ohanian 1990). Model Attractiveness and Trustworthiness. There is evidence to suggest that NAMs may be perceived as more trustworthy than HAMs because of consumers’ perceived similarity between themselves and the NAMs. Deshpande and Stayman (1994) demonstrate that enhanced identification and similarity with a source can increase perceptions of source trustworthiness. If a woman perceives herself to be physically more similar to a NAM, a greater perceived attitudinal similarity between the receiver and the source may drive the receiver to like the source more (O’Keefe 1990; see also Berscheid 1985; Byrne 1969). A greater liking for the source may influence source trustworthiness positively (e. g. , O’Keefe 1990; Simons, Berkowitz, and Moyer 1970), which may in turn influence the consumer to like and trust the source more. Therefore, H1: NAMs are perceived to be more trustworthy than HAMs. There is no hypothesized relationship or interaction between product type and model condition on trustworthiness. Trustworthiness pertains to a personality trait of the endorser, regardless of the endorsed product. Model Attractiveness-Product Type Match-Up and Model Expertise. Models may be more credible if they either have some physical characteristic that is associated with a product schema or demonstrate some characteristic that indicates that the product has accomplished what it claims, which thus suggests expertise based on experience (Lynch and Schuler 1994). Stemming from their attributions about beautiful people, consumers may believe that HAMs know more about the presentation and elements of a beautiful image, including the kinds of products used to enhance beauty. In addition, HAMs may be perceived as having more experience accentuating beautiful features or surrounding themselves with aesthetic things. Thus, H2: HAMs are perceived to have greater source expertise for enhancing products than are NAMs. Highly attractive models may not be perceived as having the problems that purportedly are solved by problem-solving products (e.g. , Dion, Berscheid, and Walster 1972; Kanner 1994) and therefore are believed to have little expertise using such products. Alternatively, consumers may be more likely to believe that a NAM has struggled with and, as evidenced in the ad, â€Å"conquered† the problem using the advertised product. Therefore, NAMs may be more congruous with the schema associated with enhancing products (Lynch and Schuler 1994). H3: NAMs are perceived to have greater source expertise for problem-solving products than are HAMs. Model Attractiveness-Product Type Match-Up and Product Evaluations. If a viewer can convert the visual imagery of an endorser into product information, the model’s image may serve as an argument for product efficacy (Bloch and Richins 1992; Downs and Harrison 1985; Kahle and Homer 1985; Lynch and Schuler 1994; see also Rossiter and Percy 1980). There is general evidence that product arguments may be elicited from pictures (e. g. , Mitchell and Olson 1981) and that, in high involvement situations, pictures containing product-relevant information can strengthen product beliefs and result in more positive product attitudes than can pictures that only influence affect (Miniard et al.1991). If a viewer believes that a model possesses some physical characteristic that indicates the model has improved his or her appearance with the product, then the viewer may believe that the product was responsible for that improvement (Lynch and Schuler 1994). The pairing of an enhancing product and a HAM may serve to reinforce the argument for product quality and efficacy for enhancing beauty by demonstrating the enhancer’s ability to highlight beautiful features (Petty and Cacioppo 1980). This stronger argument for product quality may enhance ad efficacy by improving evaluations of the product and heightening product purchase intentions (Caballero, Lumpkin, and Madden 1989; Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1990). Therefore, 114: Ads for enhancing products that include HAMs will be more effective than those that include NAMs. Specifically, we expect that ads for enhancing products that include HAMs will result in greater product evaluations and higher purchase intentions than will those ads containing NAMs. With regard to problem-solving products, it might initially appear that a HAM could serve as a more positive argument for a product’s effectiveness. The more beautiful appearance of the HAM (versus NAM) might make the product appear as if it is more effective in heightening the user’s beauty. However, for the efficacy of problem-solving products to be assessed from the model’s photo, the viewer must first believe that the model had a beauty problem prior to product use. Because HAMs are not perceived as having the problems of normal people (e. g., Dion, Berscheid, and Walster 1972; Kanner 1994), consumers may not believe that the HAM suffered from a beauty problem that required the use of the advertised product. In contrast, consumers may believe that NAMs are more likely to have experienced beauty problems (e. g. , Dion, Berscheid, and Walster 1972; Kanner 1994). According to attribution theory, if an outcome occurs despite the presence of something that might have prevented that outcome (an inhibitory cause), a consumer may give more weight to the cause that is perceived to be responsible for that outcome (the facilitative cause; Kelley 1972). A HAM’s overall appearance might suggest multiple facilitative causes for the model’s superior appearance in the productrelated attribute, and the greater the number of other potential causes for the overall superior appearance, the more the problem-solving product may be discounted as responsible for solving the beauty problem (Kelley 1972). However, a NAMs’ overall typical appearance might suggest that, prior to product use, the appearance of the NAM’s product-related attribute was normal. Because the product (facilitative cause) may be responsible for a beautiful product-related physical attribute in the face of the inhibitory cause of the model’s â€Å"normalcy,† the perceived efficacy of the problem-solving product is augmented. With this improvement in product evaluations and likely improvement in purchase intentions (Caballero, Lumpkin, and Madden 1989; Kahle and Homer 1985; Kamins 1990), the following hypothesis is offered: H5: Ads for problem-solving products that include NAMs will be more effective than those that include HAMs. Specifically, we expect that ads for problem-solving products that include NAMs will result in greater product evaluations and higher purchase intentions than will those ads containing HAMs. The Mediating Role of Source Credibility Although model-product type match-up effectiveness has measured both spokesperson credibility and other measures of ad effectiveness, such as product evaluations or purchase intentions, no relationship between these two constructs has been examined. Past credibility research has suggested that greater spokesperson credibility (i. e., expertise and trustworthiness) tends to generate greater attitude chane (e. g. , Dholakia and Sternthal 1977; Harman and Coney 1982; Hovland, Janis, and Kelley 1953; Sternthal, Dholakia, and Leavitt 1978). Therefore, any influence that a model-product type match-up may have on spokesperson credibility subsequently might offect product evaluations or other measures of ad effectiveness. Therefore, H6A: Spokesperson expertise will mediate the effects of model-product match-up on ad effectiveness. H6B: Spokesperson trustworthiness will mediate the effects of model beauty on ad effectiveness. Study I Pretests. Two pretests were conducted to select product and model stimuli. The purpose of the first pretest (n=25) was to select two products to represent enhancing products and two to represent problem-solving products. Subjects were asked to categorize a list of products according to the provided definitions of each product type. The two products selected to represent the problem-solving category were acne concealer and acne medicine because of their categorization as problem-solving products (100% and 92%, respectively). With regard to enhancing products, 88% of people categorized lipstick and jewelry as enhancers. Because acne medicine, acne concealer, and lipstick all pertain to the face, the jewelry selected for use as stimuli in this experiment was earrings (i. e. , the only widely accepted jewelry associated with the face). For the second pretest, two judges selected full-color model photographs from popular women’s magazines on the basis of subjective criteria of which photos might represent each model condition. Photos intended to represent NAMs were selected from â€Å"Reader Makeover† issues of the magazines so that, while the physical features of the NAMs were still moderately attractive, the hair and makeup were professionally styled. Two undergraduate classes viewed five photos of NAMs (n=72) while two other classes evaluated five photos of HAMs (n=65). Respondents were asked to complete five questions regarding the beauty and four items assessing the normalcy of the model (all seven-point scales), and each set of items subsequently was summed. The HAM photo was selected on the basis of beauty extremity (M=29. 37) and subjects’ beliefs that she was leading a less-than-normal life (M=13. 31). The NAM photo was selected on a rating of moderate beauty (M=22. 06; p

Cause And Effect Of Drinking Milk - 981 Words

I remember my mother make my school bus wait while she’s standing in front of me and everyone in the bus to make me drink milk. Since early day I knew something was funny on drinking milk, maybe was my mother pushing it or maybe was my born instinct advising me that was not necessary for me to drink that. I grew up investigating my rejection on something is given to you from early states since you born to your finals days everybody is pushing something that seems abnormal to drink. Why I say abnormal? Because humans are the only living thing that drink milk from other species, where I’m going make sense? A cow don’t drink milk from a human and we don’t feed a sheep cow milk then, why humans are sold to believe is ok to drink other species milk? Got milk? Is an advertisement from the Food and Drug Administration as well as from the milk producer to incite consume of their product. This product have not been evaluated to determine their consumption safety, even though the FDA said otherwise, they do not explained to the consumers the exact contains of milk and the secondary effects of consuming this product, we just lab rabbits testing for the government, to after they come out with so much deterrents. Back to the situation should we drink milk or not? At this point we should introduce some facts on milk I started at the beginning of this conversation. Humans are the only specie drinking milk from another species. Medical specialist always telling pregnant woman to beShow MoreRelatedNot Milk? Essays723 Words   |  3 PagesGot milk? If you do, you are at risk of cancer, osteoporosis, calcium deficiency, diabetes, heart disease, and atherosclerosis (PCRM). You might be thinking that I have gone completely mad. Of course milk is good for health; we all grew up drinking milk. We are told by the ads, the campaigns, and the culture that milk is good for us. We learnt about the importance of drinking milk and consuming dairy products in our health education class. In fact, they are in the food pyramid! The truth is milk doesRead MoreShould We Continue Do Produce And Consume Milk?1528 Words   |  7 Pagesto Produce and Consume Milk? Milk is one of the most commonly consumed drinks in the world today, but it rarely occurs to people to think about where their milk is coming from and how it is produced. The production of milk can bring up several ethically concerning questions, as well as health concerns. In the milk industry, the mistreatment of animals is a prevalent concern. Once learning the facts of milk production, one may begin to reconsider the extensive role that milk plays in one’s diet. ManyRead MoreWhy Humans Should Not Consume Dairy Products Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesDo you know that after a certain age dairy milk and products will no longer benefit you? B. Relevance to Audience: I’m sure everyone in this room has consumed a dairy product whether it be an ice cold glass of milk with cookies, or a nice piece of cheese on a big juicy burger. C. Thesis: Humans are designed to drink human milk, not cow’s milk. Humans should really old drink milk during infancy and that’s because all of the hormones in cow’s milk can cause many health issues. D. Credibility: AfterRead MoreA Letter On The s House Of Representatives1222 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the pasteurized soy milk given to our children at school. I am writing you this letter on behalf of many parents who do not have the courage to stand up and speak for the wellness of their children. I was not informed about the new rules adopted by the USDA to pasteurize Soy Milk. As a citizen of this country and as a parent of the school, I believe that parents should be aware about any change the state is making, since our children are the ones who are drinking the milk and eating the schoolRead MoreSoft Drinks Should Be Taxed1219 Words   |  5 Pagespreventing one from drinking what the body needs the most which is water. In the market, there is an infinite amount of choices with multiple varieties of flavors, different tastes, and ranges from classic soda to diet soda. However, consumers do not recognize clearly the negative effect of soft drinks that have a high chance of e roding their health away. Some of these examples include dental erosion, energy intake, obesity and other health issues. In order to combat these negative effects, taxes on softRead MoreThe Success of the Got Milk? Campaign Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesThe Success of the Got Milk? Campaign Judging from the results of studies milk has a lack of portability, not enough flavour variety and not thirst-quenching or refreshing contrary to what sodas can bring. Moreover, one of the weak points was the lack of advertising. Admittedly milk is linked with other daily food products such as cereals or cookies, everybody knows that milk is good for health. But people arent aware enough that they could not live without that productRead MoreThe Effects Of Soft Drinks On Soft Beverages1192 Words   |  5 Pageslot of them love to drink it almost every day and may not live without it. Soda becomes addictive, preventing one from drinking what the body needs the most which is water. In the market, there is a infinite amount of choices with multiple varieties of flavors, different tastes, ranges from classic soda to diet soda. However, consumers do not recognize clearly the negative effect of soft drinks that have a high chance of eroding their health away. Some of these examples include dental erosion, energyRead MoreDental Fluoridation1300 Words   |  6 Pageslittle known about this condition, so Dr. McKay took it upon himself to do some research. After looking at trends, he discovered that the areas where dental fluorosis was prominent were also areas where there was naturally occurring fluoride in the drinking water (McClure, 1970). The first water fluoridation project began in 194 5 in Grand Rapids, Michigan in which fluoride was added to water in hopes of reducing tooth decay in a population (NIDR, 2014). In 1950, however, the U.S. government endorsedRead MoreEffects of Soda On The Body Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Soda on the Body â€Å"It may seem harmless to allow your child to drink soda every day. Thinking that soda won’t cause the child any immediate harm is unfortunately common.† (Khara) Unfortunately for the United States, it’s one of the first countries to start drinking soft drinks. Soda can also be termed as soft drink, coke or fizzy drink and is consumed by all ages worldwide. (Khara) Soft drinks can cause tooth decay, dehydration, obesity and more, and also contain tons of preservativesRead More Health Problems and Your Food Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pageshaving some sort of negative health effect. The food industry uses thousands of chemicals and additives to preserve our food and our bodies are fighting back. Nitrates and nitrites are used in preserving meats and can cause numerous health problems that most of us are not aware of. Methemoglobinemia is a blood disorder where oxygen carrying molecules (hemoglobin) builds up and does not get the appropriate oxygen throughout your body. Methemoglobinemia can cause comas, convulsions, and cyanosis (a

How Culture Defines the Organization Campus Christian...

They say that first impressions are lasting impressions. Although it seems first impressions of other people are quite accurate, it can be misleading in cases such as in organizations and clubs. Many organizations are associated with stereotypes which could be the sole reason that contributes to the ‘first impression’. Church-based organizations such as Campus Christian Fellowship (CCF) have stereotypes; many of which are negative. Yet, actually participating in the organization, many will find the culture of the organization has a very pleasant aura that exposes some stereotypes that were ‘assigned’ to the organization are not true at all. CCF is an organization that is not restricted to a specific religious denomination and serving on the campuses of four colleges in North Carolina. The purpose of CCF is to â€Å"make disciples on campus who impact the world.† The culture of CFF greatly helps achieve the purpose in different ways. Because of the a larming number of stereotypes of church-based organizations, CCF refutes many misconceptions by managing the stereotypes by the aspects of their culture such as beliefs, traditions and behaviors. A part of the culture of CCF is to go to Bible studies on Mondays and going to Overflow, which is a branch of CCF, on Wednesdays. In Bible studies, male and female students on campus actively study Scripture and have reflections of the words of God. In Overflow, members of CFF and other interested students praise and worship God and discuss

Case Work and Social Work - 2978 Words

Case work is not only the basic practice in professional Social Work but rather, a common practice followed by all. The traditional definition defines case work as â€Å"a method of helping individuals through a one-on-on relationship’’. Every individual trained or untrained indulges in case work. The difference is made by theoretical understanding and professional ethics, practices involved in professional case work. Mary Richmond in 1915 explains casework as â€Å"the art of doing different things for and with different people by cooperating with them to achieve at one and the same time their own and society betterment.† Social Case Work can also be defined as â€Å"an art in which knowledge of the science of human relations and skill in relationship†¦show more content†¦He mostly remains absent at the coaching classes and the school as well. The only source of income for the family is the lemon business of his mother on which they have been depend ent. His Father was working as a rikshwa puller in Yogeshwari area and that point of time his mother was a homemaker, but after his father’s death, his mother started a lemon business in Matunga Road. Father passed away four years back. The client has no serious disease ,but he has some kind of wounds on his body. When, i asked him about the wounds, he told that he has got these wounds while he was playing cricket. Then, i had taken him to a docter and he got cured within fifteen days. His mother usually comes to meet him at the of every month. CASE WORK PROCESS- STAGES INVOLVED: Case work processes entail different steps including: †¢ Social Study. †¢ Social Assessment. †¢ Casework Help. †¢ Termination. †¢ Evaluation. SOCIAL STUDY: Social study is a systematic study of the client and gaining an understanding of his situation through interaction and frequent visits. †¢ Age: 12 years. †¢ Sex: Male. †¢ Educational qualification: pursuing standard 6th. †¢ Health condition: no serious disease. †¢ Personality features: reserved and withdrawn. †¢ Family constellation: one sister and his mother. Family Constellation- SL.NO NAME AGE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CLIENT EDUCATION OCCUPATION 1. Ganesh Kamble 12years client PursuingShow MoreRelatedThe Social Work Case Study2703 Words   |  11 PagesRunning Head: SOCIAL WORK CASE STUDY 1 SOCIAL WORK CASE STUDY 2 SOCIAL WORK CASE STUDY Name Institution Date Client System John Marcel aged 47 and his wife Alexia aged 39 have been one of my most fascinating neighbors for about fifteen years. The couple has five children, of whom two were in college, one in high-school, andRead MoreSocial Work Case Study Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pageseasily accommodated. In the event, a widow was able bodied she would be placed in a workhouse to provide for herself and risk possibly being separated from her children. According to Jansson (2009), though able bodied individuals were forced to work in workhouses as part of their contribution to the system, The Elizabeth poor law was in fact a beneficial policy, as it provided assistance for individuals in need (Jansson, 2009). However, given the fact that Ms. Apple is African American, the lawsRead MoreCase Study in Social Work Practice2105 Words   |  9 Pagesidentify a case I have been involved in and have continuously had to assess whilst on placement. It will refer to a child who will be identified as A. A is a y oung carer and has only recently returned home after being removed from his mothers care due to her having a substance abuse problem and mental health concerns. I will link the legal framework that was relevant to this case study and describe actions taken. Additionally these actions will demonstrate the application of social work methods andRead MoreHypothetical Case Study - Social Work4882 Words   |  20 PagesCase Study - Adolescent Male Geneva Giles Oakland University Dr. Scott Smith Social Work 311 June 13, 2010 Introduction Role of Person in the Environment theory in Understanding Social Problems Sexual Assault and Homeless Male Adolescent Sexual assault overview Homeless/Runaway differences Paper Intent and Overview This paper will present a hypothetical case study of a 17-year-old African American male who has been referred for social work services after being a forced recipient partner duringRead MoreEthical Dilemma In The Social Work Case Study786 Words   |  4 PagesThe social work profession is rooted in a set of core values and principles which are applied as standards in determining ethical judgements. This paper will explore an ethical dilemma and how utilizing the ethical decision making model can offer different resolutions. Joseph (1983) discussed how this ethical model â€Å"suggests a structure and a systematic process for inquiry into ethical issues that emerge in clinical practice and its organizational contexts.† Dilemma in Context Practice Setting TheRead MoreCase Study Management For Decades Throughout Social Work817 Words   |  4 Pagesin case management for decades throughout social work. Crisis intervention is just one form of interventions out of thirteen. Clinical case management involves 13 distinct activities, including engagement of the patient, assessment, planning, linkage with resources, consultation with families, collaboration with psychiatrists, patient psycheducation, and crisis intervention (Kanter, 1989). Even though Crisis management may have not been the correct invention for every situation in social work isRead MoreCase Study on Ethics and Dual Relationships in Social Work Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Case Study: Juan S. The social worker in this case study worked at the ABC Children’s Wellness Center. An ESL teacher at a local elementary school referred Juan S. to her. Juan came to the center with his mother, Silvia. Before seeing Juan and his mother, the social worker called the ESL teacher who referred Juan to her to discuss the case. The teacher reported that Juan was showing little interest in classroom activities or his peers, and always seemed exhausted. He was irritable andRead MoreSocial Work Case Study- How I Applied Social Work Skills through Sessions with Mother and Son2562 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction Being aware of oneself as a social worker is imperative if one plans to be an effective and competent social worker. There will be many incidents and situations social workers may chance upon in their professional work, which may present some difficulty concerning the next step to take in working with a client. Being aware is the first step. Background Information The family subset that will be explored in this paper is a mother and a son dyad that I worked with in my internshipRead MoreLaw For Social Work Practice : Adults And Carers Case Scenario2068 Words   |  9 Pages7SO004 Law for Social Work Practice: Adults and Carers Case Scenario Mrs Durant would be considered a vulnerable adult based on the guidance outlined in ‘No Secrets’ (Department of health (DH) 2000) due to her age, disability and her inability to take care of herself. Within safeguarding adults, no specific Law is currently implemented, which means each Local Authority (LA) will have their own policies that need to be adhered too. Social Work Intervention part 1: Current hospital admission PriorRead MoreTo Consider the Influence of Legislation in Relation to Social Care, the Case of Mary Who Has Been Diagnosed with Dementia Will Be Used to Explain How Legislation Is Used. Within Social Work, Law Is Very Important as It2851 Words   |  12 PagesUse the case study to illustrate your understanding of the influence of underpinning legislation in relation to how social care intervention could improve their quality of life. To consider the influence of legislation in relation to social care, the case of Mary who has been diagnosed with dementia will be used to explain how legislation is used. Within social work, law is very important as it is used to provide guidance and duties for the local authorities and professionals in how to proceed

Financial Consumer Protection free essay sample

The paper will also comprise of comprehensive information on laws and regulations relevant for consumer protection and discusses a number of challenges related to empirical analyses of financial consumer protection. 1. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Financial consumer protection is about ensuring a fair exchange between providers and consumers of financial services. A deliberate policy framework is necessary to counterbalance the inherent disadvantage of financial service consumers’ vis-a-vis the power, information, and resources of their providers. Consumer protection, in the broader sense, refers to the laws and regulations that ensure fair interaction between service providers and consumers. Government intervention and regulation in the area of consumer protection are justified on the basis of inherent information asymmetries and power imbalances in markets, with producers or service providers having more information about the product or service than the consumers. A consumer protection framework generally includes the introduction of greater ransparency and awareness about the goods and services, promotion of competition in the marketplace, prevention of fraud, education of customers, and elimination of unfair practices. Consumer protection frameworks in the financial service industry are evolving as products become more complex and a greater number of people rely on financial services. An effective consumer protection framework includes three complementary aspects. First, it includes laws and regulations governing relations between service providers and users and ensuring fairness, transparency and recourse rights. Second, it requires an effective enforcement mechanism including dispute resolution. Third, it includes promotion of financial literacy and capability by helping users of financial services to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to manage their finances. The recent crisis highlighted shortcomings in the existing consumer protection frameworks in high income countries and prompted a number of broad-ranging reforms. The crisis also made apparent the low levels of financial capability among users of financial services in developed countries. . 3 PROBLEM STATEMENT 1. To analyze the problems and challenges facing financial consumer protection in Kenya. 1. 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objective of this study is: 1. To establish the importance of financial consumer protection especially in Kenya. 2. Provide information on financial consumer protection. 3. Suggest ways of improving and dealing with financial consumer protection. 4. Suggest ways of creating awareness of financial cons umer protection. 5. Estimate the relative use of different service providers by Kenyan financial consumers, so as to focus the analysis on the most important players and issues. 6. To establish Protection against deceptive and unfair trade practices. 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR HYPOTHESIS 1. What are factors affecting financial consumer protection? 2. What is the level of financial literacy in Kenya? 3. What are the ways of improving financial consumer protection? 4. What is the extent of financial consumer awareness and education? 5. What are the challenges facing financial consumer awareness? . What are trends in the financial sector? 1. 6 JUSTIFICATION It is quite evident that there are challenges facing financial consumers, the existing laws are in adequate for consumer protection and policies and laws need to be put in place to ensure: 1) Physical protection of the consumer. 2) Protection against deceptive and unfair trade practices. 3) Protection against all types of pollution. 4) Protection agains t the abuse of monopoly position and/or restrictive trade practices. 5) Protection of enjoying the financial consumer rights. . 0 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK This literature review focuses on existing academic literature on financial consumer protection,consumer information, financial literacy and financial education. Existing academic literature on financial consumer protection spans law and economics, but is rather limited. One strand of literature derives from behavioral economics and is closely linked to financial literacy. Behavioral economics has often been used to examine consumer behavior and the reasons behind certain consumer choices. This strand of literature acknowledges that the approach of standard models in economics that is, rational consumers and competitive markets may not always hold in actuality. In the financial sector specifically, some studies have argued that consumers are subject to certain behavioral biases, including vulnerability to marketing such as being likely to take up offers that are framed in simple terms. Consumers may not be well-informed, they can get confused when they are presented with many alternatives, and can eventually make systematic mistakes, which could be exploited by providers. In this regard, even well-established and efficient disclosure requirements may not be sufficient. Hence they suggest developing financial market regulations based on behavioral models in which the underlying reasons of certain decisions by the households are investigated, rather than modeling the way in which rational households should make their decisions. Campbell (2006) suggests the use of financial literacy as an avenue of remedy, in addition to well-designed financial consumer protection regulations. Elliehausen (2010) argues that the results of behavioral research could be useful in designing effective regulations in the credit market. These research findings highlight the importance of financial literacy and disclosure requirements in mitigating information asymmetries in the market for financial products and services. The key challenge for the applied research going forward is to identify effective forms for disclosure. For credit products, evidence suggests that disclosing loan terms to customers can help reduce borrowing costs. Despite their importance, there is no universally accepted set of disclosure requirements (i. e. , which terms and conditions are to be disclosed and when, how information should be presented, etc. One approach used to address this issue is through a standardized format in which information is disclosed to consumers, which often includes plain language requirements. Other studies (Collins et al. , 2009, and FSD-Kenya, 2009) support this claim. For example, consumers prefer and better understand when they are quoted the dollar amount of payments and the number of months it will take them to pay off the loan, instead of the details of compounding. However, certain products are necessarily more complex and will require more information to be disclosed, though in the absence of financial iteracy, it is unlikely that this complex information will be understood by the consumer. Unfortunately systematic data on the levels of financial literacy and awareness of financial concepts remains limited. Policy papers focusing on the review of consumer protection and financial literacy indicate that there is no one-size-fits-all approach when it comes to designing consumer protection and financial literacy policy. Financial literacy is low among the poor, especially in developing countries. There is evidence that individuals lack even the understanding of interest rates (Porteous, 2009; FSD-Kenya, 2009). In this respect, providing financial education to the poor to raise their financial capability and establishing better consumer financial protection regulations may turn out to be a better option. Indeed, there is evidence that disclosure requirements lowered microfinance interest rates significantly in countries with competitive microfinance markets. Financial literacy programs and disclosure requirements alone are not sufficient for ensuring good financial consumer protection regulations that correct for information asymmetries and market failures. Regardless of financial literacy levels, service providers, if left unchecked, often have incentives to take advantage of information asymmetries and adopt unfair selling practices that allow for quick and large gains in profits. Hence, fair treatment provisions are also of importance in this regard. While all of these are, in general, aimed at correcting the information asymmetries in the market for financial products and services, another aspect of financial consumer protection is the existence and accessibility of third-party recourse mechanisms. There is not much written on fair treatment practices and recourse mechanisms in the academic literature. The policy paper by Brix and McKee (2010), however, considers these two issues in the context of low-access environments. Brix and McKee (2010) caution the policymakers that fair treatment provisions should be designed in such a way so as not to deter access to financial services. They also suggest starting with a discussion of standards for internal dispute resolution mechanisms, which is more widely feasible than third-party recourse mechanisms. Two recent papers are particularly relevant for our research presented here. Rutledge (2010) provides a detailed analysis of financial consumer protection in banks and non-bank financial institutions in nine countries in Europe and Central Asia. In these transition economies, financial services have developed rapidly in recent years, presenting unique challenges. 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 INTRODUCTION In research design, there are two major methods of research. These are qualitative research and quantitative research. In quantitative research the aim is to determine the relationship between one thing (an independent variable) and another (a dependent or outcome variable) in a population. Quantitative research designs are either descriptive (subjects usually measured once) or experimental (subjects measured before and after a treatment). For an accurate estimate of the relationship between variables, a descriptive study usually needs a sample of hundreds or even thousands of subjects; an experiment, especially a survey, may need only tens of subjects. The estimate of the relationship is less likely to be biased if you have a high participation rate in a sample selected randomly from a population. In surveys, bias is also less likely if subjects are randomly assigned to treatments, and if subjects and researchers are blind to the identity of the treatments. In my esearch quantitative research method is implemented. Surveys are to be used to gather information from various sources. 3. 2 RESEARCH DESIGN The research design to be used in this study is a survey design. Direct consumer surveys and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) are to be used in the study to understand consumers’ own perceptions of their experience with different products and providers. 3. 3 SAMPLING The survey method is to be used in this study. A random sample of financial consumers and financial service providers and stakeholders are to be selected. 3. 4 DATA COLLECTION Data is to be collected using a semi-structured questionnaire served on respondents through drop and pick methods. The method was chosen because of time and cost. The exercise is to obtain core information and supplementary information is to be obtained through further probing of the respondents and by reading relevant publications of financial consumers and various markets such as capital and money markets. Face-to-face interviews with regulators, supervisory staff, financial service providers and their industry associations, consumer advocacy organizations and researchers is also to be used to collect data. Desk research on relevant laws, regulations, codes of conduct, institutions, and previous reports and research is to be used in collection of data. . 5 DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is to be conducted using Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. Editing is to be undertaken before data analysis. It will involve Identification of relevant experiences from other countries, with a particular focus on measures to improve transparency, fair treatment, recourse, and consumer awareness and financial education. The analysis will also examine the interaction of financial sector laws and regulations with cross-cutting laws and regulations (e. g. , to promote competition or consumer protection across the entire economy) in different jurisdictions. 4. 0 FINDINGS Mass market financial services are growing at an impressive rate in Kenya, generating significant benefits for lower income consumers. Driving this expansion is a broad array of financial service providers. The financial sector regulators provide some consumer protections to the clients of regulated institutions, but such provisions vary by financial institution type and are incomplete and inconsistent across the market as a whole. There is no general or market wide consumer protection law or authority, and therefore users of informal financial service providers – 65% of the population lack legal protection entirely. As a result of the absence of an entity with market-wide jurisdiction, a comprehensive Kenyan approach to financial consumer protection and recourse has yet to find footing in policy or practice. A growing body of evidence from consumer research in Kenya suggests that the welfare of consumers is compromised by the lack of effective price disclosure and dispute resolution mechanisms, and by abusive practices. The findings of this confirm a wide range of practice around disclosure of the prices and conditions of different financial services. For example, loan prices are quoted using a bewildering array of pricing formulas. The large number and type of added fees and commissions adds to the confusion for consumers, especially those new to formal finance. The report addresses these variations in practice in detail, by financial service sector (e. g. , mobile payment service providers, banks, SACCOs, etc. ). The findings draw attention to the particular importance of improved transparency in mass market financial services. Financial services are inherently more complex than most goods or other, more tangible services. On the supply side, providers do not always provide clear information about their products through from the initial marketing and sales process to actual delivery of the service. On the demand side, many consumers that are new to formal finance and are challenged to learn a very different set of rules and structures from those used by the informal arrangements with which they are familiar. They find it difficult to comprehend the prices, key terms and conditions, and all the other details of formal contracts. This demand-side challenge is exacerbated when more than half of mass market consumers have limited numeracy skills. In these circumstances, consistent and effective disclosure is a necessary preventive measure. It can reduce up-front the types of confusion that can easily lead to problems – problems such as misunderstandings about prices, consequences of late payments, or conditions for payment of insurance claims. Standardisation of wording and formats also merits further investigation. When financial access is growing rapidly, as in Kenya, consumers should be able to learn a single set of rules of the game, rather than having to wrestle with different disclosure formats for different providers and products. 4. 0 SCHEDULE Prepare proposal by:1 Nov Complete literature review by:7 Nov Complete fieldwork by:15 Nov Complete analysis by: 1 Dec Give presentation on:3 Dec Complete final report by: 10 Jan 5. 0 CONCLUSION This analysis will present the first step in a systematic assessment of financial consumer protection across a large set of countries. Further refinements in methodology are necessary to better capture the effectiveness of the implementation of the existing financial consumer protection regulations. More importantly, a greater focus by regulators on monitoring compliance and collecting data on consumer complaints and on how they are resolved can help inform public policy. Regulatory impact assessments at the country level, including the impact on the users of financial services, as well as on the cost to financial institutions, are also an important component in determining the most effective approaches to ensuring fair and transparent retail financial markets. 6. 0 RECOMMENDATIONS The key recommendations to improve consumer protection for mass-market financial consumers in Kenya relate to the following areas: 1. Financial consumer awareness and education will be a critical component of any consumer protection regime in Kenya. 2. Regulations that clarify provider liability and responsibility for oversight of third party agents who play a role in the delivery of services. 3. Minimum requirements for provider-level recourse and dispute resolution mechanisms. 4. Putting in place a cross-market consumer protection that will yield another important benefit. It will facilitate consumers learning a single set of rules as the basis for their interaction with financial services providers. 5. The authority can enforce consumer protection regulation across the entire financial market and thereby cover the clients of otherwise unregulated providers. 7. 0 REFERENCES 1. FSD-Kenya (2009). Definition of a Standard Measure for Consumer Interest Rates in Kenya: A Scoping Study, Nairobi: Kenya. [http://www. fsdkenya. org] 2. Nelson, Candace and Angela Wambugu. (August 2008). Financial Education in Kenya. Nairobi: FSD-Kenya. 3. Capital Markets (Licensing Requirements) (General) (Amendment) Regulations, 2007 for Demutualization of the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE) that include an explicit requirement to protect investors. 4. Brix, Laura, and Katharine McKee. (2009). Consumer Protection Regulation in Low-Access Environments: Opportunities to Promote Responsible Finance. Focus Note 60. Washington, D. C. : CG

Leibnizs theory of truth

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was one of the most celebrated thinkers and philosophers in Western thought in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. His work included studies and concepts in mathematics, ethics, theology, physics and most importantly-logic. His theories on the conceptions of truth and reason remain key pillars on theoretical studies to this day.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leibniz’s theory of truth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since time immemorial, human beings have always been interested in knowing the conceptions behind human knowledge, intelligence, reality and truth. Plato himself was very concerned about the nature of these qualities in his study of logic (or analytics). However, the containment theory of truth by Leibniz remains a popular view of the nature of truth. According to Leibniz, truth is a product of two factors- a predicate and a subject. Leibniz theorize s that the truth about an individual’s quality is derived from the concept of the individual itself (Zalta 2). The simple version of the theory is that a predicate is true because of the existence of the subject. This means that any statement can be true since one only needs to relate the two individual aspects that form the predicate and subject. For example, when one makes a statement that ‘ this essay was written by a man, the subject here will be the man and the predicate is the act of writing. For this statement to be true, the writing must have been done by a man according to the speaker. Therefore once predicate and subject are linked, the statement becomes true without any attempt to rationalize it in terms of external correlatives. ‘S’ is ‘P’ is a general summary of the theory of truth; where ‘S’ is the subject and ‘P’ is the predicate. Leibniz (a) states that even for those statements that are not naturally i n the form of ‘S’ is ‘P’ could be restated to align themselves to the theory (226). Dorian gives a very good example, â€Å"Pam is writing this essay at 10:21 a.m. on November 9, 2009. This statement is true because writing this essay at this exact moment is part of the definition of Pam. That is, it is part of my essence as Pam to be writing this paper at this exact point in time. In this sense, writing this paper right now (predicate) is contained in the definition of me (subject)† (3). Leibniz goes further as to state that even for statements that show relationship or interconnection, they can be restated in a manner that shows that they refer to the subject and its inherent qualities.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore in a statement where Peter is older than John, the truth about Peter’s superior age continues to stand regardless of the fact that John exists or does not exist. Dorian finds this to be a ‘strange concept’ since it fails to give credence to the existence of extrinsic factors that could also influence the truth (3). From Leibniz’s theory of truth, various inferences can be drawn as to physical and metaphysical aspects. First, Leibniz (a) states that â€Å"nothing is without reason† (226). This is what is generally regarded as the Principle of Sufficient reason without which Leibniz (b) states that â€Å"the universe would not make any sense, and science and philosophy both would be impossible(66).† The Principle of Sufficient reason augments Leibniz’s theory of truth since if there existed something without a cause then there would be no link between â€Å"S† and â€Å"P† and the theory of truth would come to naught. Therefore Leibniz holds that all things whether physical or metaphysical have a sufficient reason for their existence whether kn own to man or not. Several interesting inferences can then be drawn from Leibniz’s school of thought. First, he seems to be advocating for a deterministic view of the world (Leibniz (c) 23). Since no two finite things can interact to bring cause i.e. since cause in itself is inherent in the subject, the only logical discourse that can be drawn from the theory is that God is the author of all things past, present and future. This means that there is what Dorian terms as ‘pre-established harmony’ in things (4). It thus follows that our view of the world as events happening in ‘real time’ is not a reality since they have already been scripted and are happening parallel to each other. Using the theory of truth, the only logical reason for this is that the mind and the body cannot also relate causally. Since all truths are thus a priori, vacuums and empty spaces do not exist. Additionally, the theory that atoms can exist in a free state is not true due to the indivisibility of matter. Each particle in matter has its own complex world and there is no simplicity in any being. Leibniz’s theory also dismisses the existence of space and states that it is an idea. This statement puts into doubt the existence of geometry and other ‘material-based’ studies. All kinds of materiality are also dismissed and there is infinity in matter. In short, Leibniz’s theory of truth eventually becomes extremely rationalist and shuns all kinds of empirical thought.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leibniz’s theory of truth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What bears most significance in Leibniz’s theory of truth is that the truth is already existent within the subject. Since there is no relation and causality between things, then naturally, it flows that God is the only cause. It means that He not only created the world as an infinite system, he also guides the intelligence and knowledge of the truth. In Leibniz’s (b) own words; â€Å"Now it is obvious that all true predication has some foundation in the nature of things, and when a proposition is not identical, that is to say when the predicate is not expressly included in the subject, it must be virtually included in it. This being so, we can say that the nature of an individual substance or of a complete being is to have a notion so complete that it is sufficient to include, and to allow the deduction of, all the predicates of the subject to which that notion is attributed† (8). The theory of truth and that of sufficient reason represent a one sided view of the nature of the world and the existence of truth and knowledge. Many critics have dismissed Leibniz’s work as being too ‘rationalist’ or too ‘religious’. Other scholars such as Hume have even come up with extremely opposite views instead focusing on the empirical and ig noring the rational (Dorian 7). Another argument has been that the theory of sufficient reason is a result of human imagination and things are actually not connected and where they are, it is random and coincidental. However, all this criticism cannot take away the fact that Leibniz’s work laid the foundation for modern theorists such as Immanuel Kant, whose theories are more widely celebrated. Works Cited Dorian, Pam. On the Nature of Truth: A comparative essay on Leibniz’ containment theory of truth and Hume’s distinction between ‘relations of ideas’ and ‘matters of fact. 11 Aug 2009. Web. www.personal.psu.edu/ped127/blogs/†¦e†¦/PHIL%20202%20PAPER.docx Leibniz, Gofffried (a). New Essays on Human Understanding (Edited and translated by Remnant and Bennett). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leibniz, Gofffried (b). Theodicy (Edited by Farrer, translated by Huggard). London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1951. Print. Leibniz, Gofffried (c). The Correspondence with Clarke (Edited by Alexander). Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1956. Print. Zalta, Edward. (Leibnizian) Theory of Concepts. Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy, 3 (2000): 137-183. Print. This essay on Leibniz’s theory of truth was written and submitted by user Fiona Burris to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.